1. Phrases & Clauses What are they? How are they different?

2. The main difference:  Phrases DO NOT  Phrases DO NOT have BOTH a subject & a verb  Clauses DO HAVE  Clauses DO HAVE BOTH a subject & a verb

3. PHRASES: PHRASES: 4 Types No Subject & Verb

4. 1: Prepositional Phrase PrepositionNounPrepositional Phrase = Preposition + Noun from (  prep)(noun  ) the house  from the house = from (  prep) + (noun  ) the house  He ran quickly from the house. behind (  prep) +(noun  ) a rock  behind a rock = behind (  prep) + (noun  ) a rock  I saw my teacher behind a rock.

5. during the movie abouthis messy room about his messy room aroundthe tracknear the field around the track and near the field 1: Prepositional Phrase

6. 2: Participial Phrase used as another part of speech.A participle is a verb used as another part of speech. they end in –ing or –ed.  Participles are easy to recognize: they end in –ing or –ed. runningbaked lovingloaded  For example: running water, baked apples, loving husband, loaded gun, etc…

7. lookinglooking closely, stayingstaying up all night studying studying the History book 2: Participial Phrase 2: Participial Phrase More examples:

8. 3: Infinitive Phrase ToverbTo + verb = Infinitive phrase infinitiveIf you have ever studied a foreign language, you might remember that verbs are always studied w/the infinitive first: to loveto love (the infinitive form) I love you love he/she/it loves we love you love they love

9. 3: Infinitive Phrase cont’d Infinitive phrasesInfinitive phrases begin with the infinitive form of the verb Examples: to runto run a mile to startto start over to doto do homework all night to winto win the contest to waketo wake up early

10. 4: Noun Phrases AdjectiveNounAdjective + Noun = Noun Phrase tall building –The tall building smoky, crowdedroom –A smoky, crowded room –Screaming, half-nakedtoddlers –Screaming, half-naked toddlers –Nests of yellow and red striped snakes

11. NOW FOR A SMALL WARNING…

12. One word can make phrases a little tricky: to

13. The tricky “to” prepositional infinitiveThe word “ to ” is found in BOTH prepositional and infinitive phrases

14. CAUTION--Don’t mix these up! tofootball stadiumto the football stadium (prepositional) toteacherto the teacher ( prepositional ) torun to run a mile tofinishto finish my homework Prepositional Phrases: Infinitive Phrases:

15. Clauses: 3 types Have BOTH Subject & Verb

16. SENTENCEMAIN CLAUSE INDEPENDENT CLAUSE ( aka: SENTENCE OR MAIN CLAUSE ) Clause #1:

17. Independent Clause have a subject & verb can stand alone  Independent clauses have a subject & verb and can stand alone. Examples: doctor finishedThe doctor finished the examination. Students leaveStudents leave campus after class.

18. ”CLIFFHANGER” DEPENDENT CLAUSE ( aka: THE ”CLIFFHANGER” ) Clause #2:

19. Dependent Clause subjects verbs but they cannot stand aloneDependent clauses have subjects & verbs, but they cannot stand alone

20. Dependent Clause Dependent clauses usually begin with subordinating conjunctions such as although, because, when, since, if, unless…Examples: I left Because I left early we find If we find my notebook subject verb … Subordinating conjunction subject verb …

21. Dependent Clauses Dependent clauses require a complete thought to make them complete…Dependent clauses require a complete thought to make them complete… create suspense cliffhangerWritten alone, dependent clauses create suspense for what’s to come…like a “ cliffhanger ”:

22. Dependent Clauses Example of a dependent clause: rattlesnake has made  Because a rattlesnake has made a home under our bed…

23. Dependent Clauses Dependent clauses often begin or end sentences: rattlesnake has made dependent clause  Because a rattlesnake has made a home under our bed… ( dependent clause ) + We purchased sentence/main clauseWe purchased a mongoose to sleep with us. ( sentence/main clause )

24. Dependent Clauses rattlesnake has made  Because a rattlesnake has made a home under our bed, we purchased a mongoose to sleep with us.

25. Dependent Clauses rattlesnake has made  We purchased a mongoose to sleep with us because a rattlesnake has made a home under our bed.

26. Dependent Clauses Examples of Dependent Clauses I spent Although I spent three hours studying, children had hidden Because the children had hidden the key, ( Note how each of these requires something to follow it. )

27. Dependent Clauses Examples of Dependent Clauses students sign up If students sign up early, weather Unless the weather prevents travel, everyone When everyone finished dinner, ( Note how each of these requires something to follow it. )

28. Dependent Clauses Examples of Dependent Clauses schedule After the schedule is published, hurricane Before a hurricane hits an area, ( Note how each of these requires something to follow it. )

29. WHO, WHICH, THAT RELATIVE CLAUSE ( WHO, WHICH, THAT ) Clause #3:

30. Relative Clauses Relative clauses are easy to recognize. WHO WHICHTHATThey begin with WHO, WHICH, or THAT.

31. Relative Clauses They are not questions, but part of sentences.

32. Relative Clauses Examples:Examples: who usually finishes first  Martin, who usually finishes first, was unable to beat my record. which used to be included in most diets  Pasta, which used to be included in most diets, has been replaced by high-protein foods.  Toys that the dog chewed up must be thrown away.

33. NOW FOR ANOTHER SMALL WARNING…

34. 2 words can make clauses a little tricky: Before After

35. CAUTION--Don’t mix these up! beforeafter dependent clausesbefore and after can appear in either prepositional phrases or dependent clauses.

36. CAUTION--Don’t mix these up! Prepositional phrases:Prepositional phrases: after the stormafter the storm before the alarm after lunchafter lunch before my napbefore my nap after workafter work before the holidaybefore the holiday

37. CAUTION--Don’t mix these up! Dependent clauses: after the storm endedafter the storm ended before the alarm rangbefore the alarm rang after we left workafter we left work before the doctor arrivedbefore the doctor arrived after I received your callafter I received your call before the judge makes his rulingbefore the judge makes his ruling

38. Phrase & Clause Review

39. Q: What is the main difference between phrases & clauses?

40. Phrase & Clause Review Answer: –Phrases do not have both a subject and a verb… –Clauses have both a subject and a verb.

41. Phrase Review Prepositional:Prepositional: above the clouds near my house along the shore

42. Phrase Review Participial:Participial: leaving work early sleeping until noon celebrating the holidays filled with liquid

43. Phrase Review Infinitive:Infinitive: to walkto walk the dog toplayto play the piano towatchto watch our favorite TV show

44. Phrase Review Noun Phrases: glassa blue glass iguanasfifty wild iguanas a comfortable beda comfortable bed

45. Clause Review Independent/Main Clause: ( Sentence ) Broccoli is my favorite food.

46. Clause Review Dependent Clause Dependent Clause : broccoli is Because broccoli is my favorite food Clause Review

47. Relative Clause: which is my favorite food which is my favorite food

48. Be sure to know your phrases & clauses! End of presentation.