Fact or Fiction… What do you think? Biotechnology is a basic science that explores microscopic organisms including viruses, bacteria, protozoa, parasites and some fungi and algae. Viruses need a host cell to reproduce. Bacterial and viral infections are treated with antibiotics. A parasite is an organism that lives on or in another individual known as the “host” while feeding on the host; it may or may not kill the host. 5. A “pandemic” is when an illness is in a widespread area (usually worldwide) rather than confined to a particular location or region and affects global populations.

Structure and Function of Living Things Microbiology: a basic science that explores microscopic organisms including viruses, bacteria, protozoa, parasites and some fungi and algae * Transmission Demonstration (Glow Germ)

Viruses 1. Non-living particles composed of a nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) 2. Need a host cell to reproduce (demonstration) Use enzymes and organelles of host cell to make more viruses usually killing the host cell Active (i.e. flu) reproduce quickly vs. Inactive (i.e. HIV) viruses reproduce more slowly Modes of Transmission: direct contact, water, body fluids, airborne, vector ( carries the pathogen without getting the illness) or carrier (carries the pathogen and can get the illness) Vaccines (weakened form of pathogen) and some anti-viral drugs may control or prevent the spread Active immunity: you make antibodies (i.e. hepatitis, measles, etc.); Passive immunity; antibodies are injected (passed) into you (i.e. rabies) 8. Viral diseases: rabies, influenza (flu), AIDS, common cold, HPV, hepatitis, and more

Viral Replication NPR virus program: http://www. npr Viral Replication NPR virus program: http://www.npr.org/blogs/krulwich/2011/06/01/114075029/flu-attack-how-a-virus-invades-your-body 3:24 min.

Viruses & Plants Tomato Mosaic on Tomato Plant Tomato Mosaic Virus Tobacco Mosaic on Cucumbers

antigen: a substance that when introduced into the body “Science in Action Virus Mutation” 3:39 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X3dSYA64ZRc Key Points antigen: a substance that when introduced into the body stimulates the production of an antibody mutation: genetic changes emerging: new strains resistance: Resistance means that a pathogen (virus, bacteria, etc.) has changed in such a way that medications are ineffective in preventing the pathogen from reproducing

“Understanding Bacteria: Part I and II” 1. Prokaryotic (single-celled) organisms; no membrane bound nucleus 2. Can live in a variety of places (with or without O2, extreme hot or cold) Reproduce through binary fission (asexual reproduction); can grow and divide extremely rapidly under optimal conditions; can double very quickly (graph analysis activity) 4. Shapes: rod, spherical, spiral Bacterial infections are treated with antibiotics; overuse of antibiotics has led to “antibiotic resistance (when mutant bacteria survive antibiotic treatment and give rise to resistant populations”) Why may the development of “antibiotic resistant” bacteria be harmful to humans? “Understanding Bacteria: Part I and II” Mike Rowe YouTube Program: http://dsc.discovery.com/tv-shows/curiosity/topics/dirty-bathroom.htm - bathroom: 2:22 minutes - dog’s mouth: 3:03 minutes - cough/sneeze: 2:45 minutes http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3xRttWuf3wQ viral video “Bacteria and Viruses” 5:37 Lab: Antibiotic Resistance * “Compare and Contrast Viruses and Bacteria” “Bacterial Diseases Chart” * “Biology of Bacteria”

plants infected by bacteria

What is the relationship between “Number of cells” and “Time”? As time passes, what pattern do you observe with the reproduction of bacteria? What is the relationship between “Number of cells” and “Time”? What affect does temperature have on the reproduction of bacteria? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6-chXVgu8Z0 YouTube Steve Spangler growing bacteria 4:03

Size Comparisons http://www.brainpop.com/games/youmakemesick/ “You Make Me Sick” pathogen activity

Fungi http://www. youtube. com/watch Fungi http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p-kQ_I6aSAA “introduction to Fungi” 15:25 1. Eukaryotic (multicellular), nonphotosynthetic organisms 2. Most are multicellular heterotrophs (consume food); unicellular ones include yeasts, molds, and mildews 3. Reproduction: - most reproduce both sexually and asexually (producing spores) providing adaptive advantage; - with a favorable environment, rapid asexual reproduction ensures an increased spread of species; - during environmental stress, sexual reproduction ensures genetic recombination increasing the likelihood that offspring will be better adapted to the new environmental conditions. 4. May attack tissues of living plants and animals causing disease; food sources may also be affected creating competition between humans and fungi Mold spores (airborne) can cause allergies in humans Are decomposers (break down organic matter)

Athlete's foot (tinea pedis or foot ringworm) Tinea corporis (under skin)

About 80 percent of plant diseases can be traced to fungi. Grey mold on raspberries About 80 percent of plant diseases can be traced to fungi. Smut—a fungus—on corn

Decomposers are the last stop on the food chain, they consume the things no one else wants to. Decomposers many times consume dead things from the ground in order to get nutrients. Some of the most common decomposers are bacteria, worms, slugs, snails, and fungi (like mushrooms).

Parasites 1. An organism that lives on or in another individual known as the “host” while feeding on the host; may or may not kill host 2. Natural selection favors adaptations that allow parasite to exploit (use) the host 3. Are usually specialized anatomically and physiologically (i.e. tapeworms live in the small intestine of the host to absorb nutrients and do not have a digestive system, hooks on hookworms 4. Infectious diseases (can be spread) linked to parasites living in intestines, bloodstream or tissues (“Monsters Inside Me”) * “Parasitism in fluke worms” Poster Project http://www.theguardians.com/Microbiology/gm_mbi01.htm#study http://animal.discovery.com/tv-shows/monsters-inside-me/videos/flesh-eating-hookworm.htm (YouTube video about hookworm transmission)

Parasites that Infect Humans http://www.treehugger.com/slideshows/clean-technology/9-human-parasites-you-dont-want-along-for-the-ride/#slide-top slideshow http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=human+parasites+pictures&qs=IM&form=QBIR&pq=human+parasites&sc=8-15&sp=2&sk=IM1#view=detail&id=88AFD25AA4CFBE57369A6C2C57A1F21BB9612985&selectedIndex=239 slideshow

Spread of Disease: Outbreak Outbreak: happens when a disease occurs in greater numbers than expected in a community or region, or during a season May occur in one community or even extend to several countries Can last from days to years Sometimes a single case of a contagious disease is considered an outbreak (with unknown or rare cases) Outbreaks may be considered as an “epidemic” or “pandemic”. What is the relationship between population density and spread of disease?

Epidemic: an illness or health-related issue showing up in more cases than would normally be expected Occurs when an infectious disease spreads rapidly to many people (i.e. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) 2003, malaria in Africa, Population density affects the spread of disease (demonstration) As a class, demonstrate an increase in population density followed by a decrease in population density. You all receive a “bonus grade” if this task is correctly accomplished within 2 minutes.  (Noise level 2)

Pandemic: typically is in a widespread area (usually worldwide) rather than confined to a particular location or region and affects global populations Diseases may start as epidemics and become pandemics *influenza (flu) * Swine flu started in Mexico City as an epidemic and has become a pandemic (New Zealand, Israel, Scotland and others) * Spanish flu (1918): 40-50 million died * Asian flu (1957): 2 million killed * Hong Kong flu (1968): 1 million killed * Black Plague - An influenza (flu) pandemic occurs when a new subtype of virus arises (mutation) If people have not been exposed to pathogens (viruses or bacteria) before, their immune systems are not ready to fight it off and more people become ill Pandemics do not always mean millions of death; it means a geographically widespread epidemic (worldwide) Transmission: affects of air travel; modes of transmission; population density

Modes of Transmission Transmission Activity with Objects (Germ Glo) Mike Rowe YouTube Program: http://www.discoverychannelasia.com/video/curiosity-dirty-bathroom - bathroom: 2:22 minutes - dog’s mouth: 3:03 minutes - cough/sneeze: 2:45 minutes