The Road Not Taken Reflections on African American History Sundra Kincey, Doctoral Candidate Educational Leadership and Policy Studies Office of Minority Affairs Presentation Florida State University February 23, 2006

Black History Month – S. Kincey 02/23/06 2 Carter G. Woodson Founder of Negro History Week (now “Black History Month”)

Black History Month – S. Kincey 02/23/06 3 Frederick Douglass (1817 – 1895) Abolitionist, orator and writer who fought against slavery and for women's rights. Douglass was the first African-American citizen appointed to high ranks in the U.S. government.

Black History Month – S. Kincey 02/23/06 4 The First Black Vote Though there would be still so many rivers to cross and mountains to climb, this was indeed a glorious, inspiring, landmark event. We can sense the many years this gray-haired man has waited for this moment to cast his ballot. In line are others, including a military man. HARPER'S WEEKLY, November 16, 1867

Black History Month – S. Kincey 02/23/06 5 Booker T. Washington Founder of Tuskegee Normal School in Alabama (now Tuskegee University)

Black History Month – S. Kincey 02/23/06 6 George Washington Carver ( ) American scientist, educator, humanitarian, and former slave. Carver developed hundreds of products from peanuts, sweet potatoes, pecans, and soybeans; his discoveries greatly improved the agricultural output and the health of Southern farmers.

Black History Month – S. Kincey 02/23/06 7 W.E.B. DuBois First African American to receive a Ph.D. from Harvard University Co-Founder of the NAACP

Black History Month – S. Kincey 02/23/06 8 Martin Luther King, Jr National leader of the civil rights movement, leading boycotts and staging protests against segregation in the South.

Black History Month – S. Kincey 02/23/06 9 Coretta Scott King Widow of slain civil rights leader Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and Founder of Martin Luther King Jr. Center for Nonviolent Social Change

Black History Month – S. Kincey 02/23/06 10 Malcolm X World renowned African American/Pan-Africanist and human rights activist

Black History Month – S. Kincey 02/23/06 11 Thurgood Marshall (1908 – 1993) First African American elevated to U.S. Supreme Court ( )

Black History Month – S. Kincey 02/23/06 12 Colin Powell Born 1937 First African American to serve as chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff

Black History Month – S. Kincey 02/23/06 13

Black History Month – S. Kincey 02/23/06 14 Sojourner Truth Nationally known speaker on human rights for slaves and women

Black History Month – S. Kincey 02/23/06 15 Harriet Tubman ( ) Devoted her life to fighting slavery, helping slaves and ex-slaves, and championing the rights of women. An incredibly brave woman, she was known as the "Moses of her people." Conductor for the Underground Railroad who helped slaves flee to freedom in the North

Black History Month – S. Kincey 02/23/06 16 Mary McLeod Bethune Founder of Bethune-Cookman College

Black History Month – S. Kincey 02/23/06 17 Zora Neale Hurston A novelist, folklorist, and anthropologist

Black History Month – S. Kincey 02/23/06 18 Rosa Parks "mother of the civil rights movement"

Black History Month – S. Kincey 02/23/06 19 Shirley Chisholm ( ) First African-American woman elected to the US Congress. During her long political career, she fought for the rights of women and minorities.

Black History Month – S. Kincey 02/23/06 20 Bessie Coleman ( ) First black female pilot and the first woman to receive an international pilot's license.

Black History Month – S. Kincey 02/23/06 21 Mae C. Jemison NASA Astronaut (former) First African-American Woman in Space

Black History Month – S. Kincey 02/23/06 22 Oprah Winfrey First African-American woman to reach billionaire status

Black History Month – S. Kincey 02/23/06 23 Black History: Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow Thank You!