The Global Oil Industry

World Oil Production Millions of barrel per day Source: IEA (International Energy Agency) Jan 2007

10 Biggest Oil Companies Millions of barrel per day Source: Forbes Post, 2012

Case example: Saudi Aramco  Operations in exploration, production, refining, marketing, and international shipping  The company has ~1/4 of world oil reserves  The company is headquartered in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia and employs about 52,100 people  State owned

Source: gulfofmexicooilspillblog.com Global Oil Spill

Did you know?  Global oil consumption reached an all-time high of 87.4 million barrels per day in 2010, according to a new Vital Signs Online report from the Worldwatch Institute  “Between the recession, the BP oil spill, and instability in the Middle East and North Africa, oil markets have been on a roller coaster the last few years,” said Worldwatch Sustainable Energy Fellow Saya Kitasei, who co-authored the report along with Worldwatch researcher Natalie Narotzky  Key findings from the report, which can be found at vitalsigns.worldwatch.org, include −After falling 1.5 percent between 2008 and 2009 due to the global financial crisis, global oil consumption recovered by 3.1 percent in 2010 to reach an all-time high of 87.4 million barrels per day. −Oil consumption in countries belonging to OECD was more than 7 percent lower in 2010 than in 2005, while consumption in non-OECD countries is up 20 percent since then −In 2010, oil remained the largest source of primary energy use worldwide, but its share of this use fell for the eleventh consecutive year, to 37 percent. Responding to this falling demand, global oil production fell 2.1 percent to 80.3 million barrels per day in 2009 −One third of the increase in consumption came from China, which now uses over 10 percent of the world’s oil −Political unrest in the Middle East-North Africa region and uncertainty about new regulations on deep-water offshore oil drilling have both further contributed to volatility in the global oil market. −The Middle East remains the largest exporter of oil with 35.3 percent in 2010, followed by the former Soviet Union and the Asia Pacific region −Global proved oil reserves have been increasing since 1980 and reached an estimated 1,526 billion barrels in 2010 −Canadian oil sands now contribute around half of that country’s crude oil production and are expected to provide a growing share, but they are energy- and water-intensive to develop. In the case of pit mining, they can lead to extensive landscape alteration and large waste streams of toxic mining tailings Source:

Biomass Wind Hydropower Solar Power Renewable Resources Geothermal

Hybrids  A hybrid vehicle is a vehicle that uses two or more distinct power sources to propel the vehicle. Power sources include −On-board or out-board rechargeable energy storage system (RESS) −Gasoline −Hydrogen  The term most commonly refers to Hybrid-electric vehicle (HEV) which includes internal combustion engines and electric motors

Pros and Cons of Nuclear Power  Contributes less to global warming  15% of the world's electricity comes from nuclear power  Long-term radioactive waste storage pro- blems, not resolved  The world's nuclear industry has had serious accidents

People vote on Nuclear Power Total responses to this question: 43,308 Good idea 79% Bad idea 21%

Some people suggest that greater concentration on conservation is key Most of us all over the world still waste fuel on a excessive scale, and the savings we could make by greater efficiency, and by just switching off, are immense Conservation is the Key

The heated debate on drilling  The debate on drilling has been going on since When Americans began weighing the pros and cons to offshore and Alaskan drilling  Natural disasters here has spurred even more talk on this debate Generally because hurricanes in the paths of oil production rigs because they create imbalances to supply and demand which affect the price of gas

The Value Chain of Oil and Natural Gas (1a)

 Seismic waves reflect off rock formations and travel back to hydrophone receivers  Geologists then estimate the structure and types of formations under land by measuring travel times of the returned energy  This tells them where to drill  Clearing the land and building access roads  Have a source of water nearby, or drill a water well  Digging a reserve pit for rock and mud that comes up in the drilling process  Drill the surface hole, and after reaching the pre-set depth, cement the casing so it does not collapse  Drilling continues in stages: They drill, then run and cement new casings, then drill again  Run tests to make sure they are at the right depth  Remove the drill, and place a pump on the well head. The pump system forces the pump up and down, creating a suction that draws oil up through the well  If the oil is too heavy a second hole is drilled where steam pressure is injected  Heat from the steam thins the oil, and the pressure pushes it up the well  Gas and oil are gathered and trans- ported, through pipelines or ships, to processing facilities  Gasoline and natural gas are used as fuel in the transportation sector  Oil can be stored in specially built tanks before being processed into products or exported  Oil and gas can be used as fuel in the generation of electrical power  Oil and gas are exported either as refined products or crude oil in specialized tankers  The activities of the oil value chain create wealth in the form of taxes, and dividends for countries and help provide more employment opportunities Seismic exploration Preparing to drill Drilling Extracting the Oil Production Social and economic benefit The Value Chain of Oil and Natural Gas (1b)

Drilling off the coast of Cuba The Discoverer Deep Seas drill ship sits off the coast of Louisiana as Chevron drills for oil in the Gulf of Mexico Examples of drill ships

Countries contending for Arctic Ocean Drilling & Shipping Rights Canada USA Russia Denmark Finland