1. ENERGY: Fossil Fuels Primary and Secondary Energy Sources
Oil Production, Economics, and Impacts
Coal and Other Fossil Fuels
Energy Conservation (use less more efficiently)

2. History of How the Work Got Done
Human Labor (Slaves)
Domestic animals
Wind and water
Steam (ships and locomotives)
Gasoline (internal combustion followed by turbine engine)
Nuclear

3. Energy Consumption in the USA
Sequence of use
Wood
Coal
Oil
Natural gas
Water (hydro)
Nuclear power
Solar & Wind (?)

4. Electric Power Generation - Steam

5. Electric Power Generation - Hydro

6. Match Dominant Primary With Secondary Energy Sources
oil-based fuels
natural gas
coal
nuclear power
more than one of the above
Secondary
transportation
industrial processes
heating and cooling spaces
generation of electrical power

7. How Fossil Fuels Are Formed
Millions of years of ….
1) photosynthesis exceeding respiration (decomposition).
2) detritus accumulation.
3) burial of detritus.
4) pressure & heat (metamorphosis).

9. Crude Oil Reserves and Production
10% Rule?

10. Hubbart Oil Production Predictions
U.S. Oil production would peak (1970s)
Dependence on OPEC oil will increase
Oil production follows a bell-shaped
curve and will peak around 2010.

11. OPEC
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries

12. Increased or Decreased Since the 1970s?
Consumption of fuels derived from oil
Discoveries of new oil in the united states
Production of oil in the united states
The gap between production and consumption
United States dependence on foreign oil

13. Cost of Oil Imports

14. Increased or Decreased Because of Higher Cost of Oil Imports?
Rate of exploratory drilling and discovery of oil.
Renewed production from old oil fields.
Efforts toward fuel conservation.
Consumption.
Development of alternative energy sources.
Dependence on foreign oil.

15. U.S. Dependence on Foreign Oil

16. Who Has The Oil? Proven Reserves in Billions of Barrels
Region
Reserves
North America
75.7
South and Central America
79.1
Europe
20.2
Former Soviet Countries
57.0
Middle East
676.4
Africa
67.6
Far East and Oceania
42.3
Total
1018.3

17. Foreign Oil Dependence
Problems:
Variations in cost of purchases
Threat of supply disruptions
Limitations of nonrenewable resource
Impacts:
Pollution of oceans
Coastal oil spills
Trade imbalances
Military actions

18. Why Was Persian Gulf War Fought?
To free the people of Kuwait?
To protect Kuwait oil fields from Iraq?
To drive up domestic oil prices?
To force OPEC to come to terms on oil prices?

20. What a Barrel of Oil Really Costs U.S. Consumers
$14 is initial price per barrel
+ $80 for military support services
= $94 is actual price per barrel

21. Future Fossil Fuel Supplies
Oil & Natural gas - 50 year supply
Coal year supply
Oil shales and oil sands - complex extraction technologies

22. Major Coal Deposits in the United States

23. Electrical Power From Burning Coal Advantages or Disadvantages?
Pollution from secondary energy source
Pollution from primary energy source
Habitat alterations
Environmental effects of mining

24. Environmental problems with coal…
increasing CO2 levels leads to global warming
coal combustion produces more CO2 than oil or natural gas
acid rain associated with burning high-sulfur coal
acid drainage from coal mines (sulfur exposed to oxygen/water
> sulfuric acid)
surface (“strip”) mining damage

25. More than 70% of coal derived by surface mining (strip-mining)
Remove over-burden (rocks/soil) first
90% of coal can be removed if relatively flat terrain

26. Carbon (CO2) Emission Per Capita

27. The Elements of the Conservation Reserve
Increasing fuel efficiency in cars
Use florescent lights
Increase home insulation
Cogeneration

28. Traditionally Space Heating

29. Cogeneration