4.1: Egypt under the Pharaohs Who was the first pharaoh of Egypt?

The Nile River Valley Nile River is the world’s largest river The two sources of the Nile River are the White Nile and Blue Nile Cataracts Upper Egypt (Upstream from the Mediterranean Sea) Lower Egypt (Nile Delta) Black land (rich, dark soil) caused by yearly flooding Red land (desert)

Civilization Develops Produced a food surplus by building walls to trap Nile flood waters Surplus allowed others to have job specialization

The Kingdom of Egypt Upper Egypt (white Crowns) Lower Egypt (red crowns) Narmer was the legendary first king that united Egypt Dynasty-a ruling family Old Kingdom (prosperity) Middle Kingdom (dealt with Nile floods) New Kingdom (Conquering) Bureaucracy

Two Great Rulers Hatshepsut (female ruler; carried out all male rituals; focused on trade) Ramses II (focused on war; defeated Hittes; built monuments)

Egyptian Society Pharaoh Nobles, priests, officials Scribes Merchants, Artisans Farmers, servants, slaves

Pharaoh was the king of Egypt. Also believed to be a god on Earth Egyptian Religion Polytheism-belief in more than one god. Amon-Re, Osiris, Isis, Horus are all names of Egyptian gods Pharaoh was the king of Egypt. Also believed to be a god on Earth Believed in life after death (Mummification)

4.2: Art, architecture, and learning in Egypt What is Egypt’s most important piece of architecture?

Writing and Literature Hieroglyphics-uses drawings or symbols instead of alphabetic letters Papyrus The Book of the Dead

Architecture and Art Pyramids were used to hold the remains of dead pharaohs Skilled artists (Pyramid wall paintings) Sculptures-statue or other free-standing piece of art made of clay.

Science and Mathematics Egyptian calendar (solar calendar)-had 365 days The Egyptian lunar calendar was difficult to use because every year there was a different number of days. Mathematics (Pyramids) Astronomy Engineering (Pyramids, irrigation) Chemistry (Glass, mortar, cosmetics) Anatomy

Why did Egypt and Nubia trade with each other?

Trade in Ancient Egypt Traded resources for the resources they needed Commerce Luxury goods (Cedar wood, olive oil, tin, and copper) Traded with Nubia (gold and elephant tusk) Interdepndance

The Land of Nubia South of Egypt, farther up the Nile River, was a land that the Egyptians called Kush. We know this region as Nubia Depended on Nile River to farm Small farmland led to trade of gold, iron, and other products The narrowness of the Nile Valley in Nubia had an affect on the country. The cataracts of the Nile were much more severe.

Nubia and Egypt Egypt wanted Nubia resources (conquers Nubia) Nubia conquers Egypt Nubia was defeated by Assyrians (retreated back to Nubia)

Nubian Civilization Moved capital to Meroe (first ironworking center of Africa) Hundreds of pyramids Queens known as candaces Meriotic script Traded for ebony Conquered by Axum in the 300’s