1. Egypt G.R.A.P.E.S. TCAP Review

2. Geography of Egypt Northern Africa
Nile River flows south to north into a delta (fertile soil) and then to the Mediterranean Sea
Lower and Upper Egypt
Red Sea to the East of the Nile
Africa is mostly deserts keeping Egypt isolated
Nile has predictable flooding, cataracts (cliffs and boulders)

3. Religion of Egypt Polytheistic=many gods and goddesses
pharaoh (king) are gods in human form, gods can also take animal form
Believed in an afterlife- needed to preserve body for the afterlife= mummies
Gods/Goddesses: Re- sun god; Hapi- river god; Osiris- god of farming/laws/dead; Isis-goddess (wife and mother)- world of dead; Thoth-god of learning
Book of the Dead- prepares Egyptians for the challenges of the afterlife

4. Achievements of Egypt Built pyramids-burial place sphinx, mummies
irrigation- shadoof, basins
papyrus- used to make boats, sandals, paper
hieroglyphics- written language (pictures/ sound symbols)
granaries- store grain
embalming- to preserve bodies for afterlife
1st medical books
Math- fractions

5. Politics of Egypt
Monarchy/Theocracy- king (pharaoh); political and religious leader
Dynasty- same family rules for many generations
Upper and Lower Egypt were once divided until Pharaoh Narmer (Menes) conquered lower Egypt, married a princess, and united them into 1 empire. Wore the double crown (red/white). Starts 1st Dynasty in Egypt; capital is Memphis.

6. Politics of Egypt Fall: empire becomes weak, many wars Time Periods
Old Kingdom: Menes; King Khufu builds great pyramids of Giza; mummies
Middle Kingdom: Capital-Thebes; added Nubia as territory; Valley of the Kings= tombs cut into limestone cliffs; Hyksos invade and conquer Egypt
New Kingdom: Ahmose overthrows Hyksos; Queen Hatshepsut- dressed as a man, temples, monuments, built trade); Thutmose III conquers Nubia (again) and up to Mesopotamia; Amenhotep IV- monotheistic (1 god), people disliked this!!; His son King Tutankhamen- polytheistic, died young, tomb undisturbed; Ramses II- temple of Karnak
Fall: empire becomes weak, many wars

7. Politics of Egypt Nubia= Kush Empire
South of the Egyptian Empire in the savannah (grasslands)
Kingdom of Kerma- agriculture and gold
Trade with Egypt and S. Africa (cattle, gold, ivory, giraffes, leopards, slaves); as far as Arabia, India, China
Built tombs for kings- not as big as pyramids in Egypt
Conquered by Egypt a few times, then overthrew Egypt
Capital Napata; shared many gods and culture with Egypt
Capital move to Meroe after Assyrians invade

8. Economics of Egypt
Trade Routes: Nile River, Mediterranean Sea, Red Sea
Trade with: Arabia, E. Africa; beads, ivory, gold, ebony wood, incense; needed wood-traded with Phoenicians (1st sound symbol relationship alphabet!)- had purple dye, furniture.
Barter= trade
Slaves could earn freedom

9. Social Structure of Egypt
Kids did not go to school much; learned parents jobs
Women could own property
Social hierarchy:
Pharaoh (king)
Priests (gov't officials), nobles
Traders, artisans, scribes
Farmers/ herders
Unskilled workers/slaves
*Ambitious people could improve their social class status with hard work