Case Study : Modern Spate Irrigation in the Arsi Zone Presented by:John-Paul van den Ham Supervisors: Prof. Linden Vincent Dr. Frank van Steenbergen

Content  Research Questions  Study Area  Overview of research objects  Water Management  The Design  Operation & Field Application  Maintenance  Rights & Rules and Practice  Organization of Water Management  Sustainable Livelihood Analyses  Livelihood  Recommendations

Research Questions   Main research questions ; How is water management taking place in the new Dodota spate irrigation system and what are the impacts and effects for irrigation, soil conservation practices and production? Simplified Sub questions;   How will water allocation take place? Which areas are most severe? Who will manage and decide upon allocation?   Who is going to do the operation and maintenance? What kind of maintenance and means are required? Who is responsible for what?   How will water be applied to the field? According to which rules and bylaws is water division taking place? Who is and how are the fields going to be prepared?   What crops will be grown? Will there be a double crop season?   How are farmers going to improve their livelihood? Will they invest labour and money to improve their livelihood?

Study Area Project nameBORU DODOTA SPATE IRRIGATION Region/Zone/DistrictOromia/Arsi/Dodota P.A/Village7 PAs Location coordinates8 0 11’ N and ‘30''E Average altitude in the command 1700m Mean annual rain fall804 mm (Dodota) Net irrigable area5000 Water sourceThe Wadi Boru Base flow/Peak flow2.1 m3/s / 100 m 3 /s Water shed basinAwash Beneficiary households Total Population 4172/30073 Water duty1.2/s/ha Source: IWMI, 2007 Source: Design Document, 2006

Research Objects

Water Management  Organizational aspects of people involved  Approaches and techniques of the design  Land and water rights  Fairness (equal water sharing)  Maintain a sustainable environment  Conflicts and conflict resolution (Mehari Haile, 2007 p.15).

Design  Design objective; Irrigation system for development and improvement of this drought prone area under Food Aid. (funded by ODPPC “Food security through development”)  Typically Spate (semi-perennial) using floods.  Based on elevation map  Design Characteristics; -MC & BC and DS are regulated by sluice gates -Proportional diversion to BC but not based on command area  Future plans: -Divert near rivers -Expend the irrigated area Structures Ogee weir (diversion Spate weir) Spill Way Cut of drain Diversion box (flow diversion structure) Drop structures (of-takes) Equal Level Crossing Culverts (bridge/drainage) Flume CanalLength kmTotal DS MC117,4 BC17,2067 BC29,0773 BC36,5557 BC43,5438 BC510,0157 BC67,3541 BC76,2132

Operation  Headworks OGEE Weir  Rejection Structure  Flow Diversion Structure  Dropstructure (of-takes)

Field Application TC 0.05% Secondary Canal 0.02% Waterflow Bund Contour Bund FC TC Tertiary CanalField Canal 0.3m 0.6m 1.2m Bunds 0-2Distance 300m 0.4m 0.5m 1.7m 1.3m 0.5m

Maintenance  Sedimentation  Canalbed Erosion  Canal Bank Weeds  Canal Bed Weeds

 The demarcation of land that is entitled to irrigation;  Rules on breaking of diversion bunds:  Proportion of the flow going to different flood channels and fields;  The sequence in which the different fields along a flood channel are watered;  The depth of irrigation that each field is to receive;  The practice regarding second water turns. (A. Mehari, F. Steenbergen and B. Schultz, 2007) Rights & Rules √ √ √

Rules in Practice  Cattle in the Canals  Breaking the Canal  Breeching the Bunds  Upstream/Down- conflict

Organisation of Water Management

SLA Current AssetsTransforming structures & processesFuture assetsLivelihood strategies Human: -Deprived to produce -Careless -Underemployment ARDO – Education (training) -Knowledge and skills -Improved skills and application -Improved health -Job Opportunities Farmers are motivated and encouraged Social: -Organised in PA CPCP establish WUA/Cooperatives -Organised Water user groups - Water rights and obligations -Membership formalised group (rules, norms, sanctions) Farmers participate in the maintenance and operation (contribute labour) and have a responsibility and a sense of ownership Natural: -Access to land* -Low production -ODPPC – (OWRB- OWWDSE – OWWCE) Spate Irrigation System Increase water Availability -Access to irrigated land -Higher production Farmers increase their production Physical: -Poor transport -No irrigation facilities -Oromio Road Authority -ODPPC – OWRB- OWWDSE –OWWCE Spate Irrigation System -Infrastructural development -Access to supplemental irrigation -Improved transportation -Supplemental irrigation system Farmers use the irrigation system effective and use the infrastructure. Financial: -Food insecure -Some Livestock Cooperatives-Access to credits and loans -Government support -Cash for Investments -Access to other markets Farmers invest in their productivity and other assets.

Livelihood  Increased Yields  Education & training  Market growth/Jobs  Acces to transportation  Participation in O&M

Recommendations  Water Management according to administrative and hydrological boundaries  Need for government support for Operation and Maintenance  Improved water rights and rules are necessary to achieve fair distribution  Focus on education of farmers and training of TC- and branch leaders  Creation of awareness Creation of awareness by farmers, some crops are critical for irrigation (short irrigation interval and or sensitive for water stress) Creation of awareness by farmers, some crops are critical for irrigation (short irrigation interval and or sensitive for water stress) Creation of awareness by farmers, since there will be an increase of agricultural land with the double season, thus there is need for more fodder and restricted free grazing areas Creation of awareness by farmers, since there will be an increase of agricultural land with the double season, thus there is need for more fodder and restricted free grazing areas  Monitoring and evaluation of water distribution for improvement

By John Paul van den Ham