Terrorism and Globalization Presented by: I34051 ZUO XINSHUANG

Outline Definitions Causes of terrorism Prominent attacks Terrorism: the impact of globalization Technology and terrorism Solutions to terrorism Q&A

Definitions “Terrorism constitutes the illegitimate use of force to achieve a political objective when innocent people are targeted.” -Walter Laqueur (terrorism scholar) “Terrorism is defined here as the recurrent use of threatened use of politically motivated and clandestinely organized violence, by a group whose aim is to influence a psychological target in order to make it behave in a way which the group desires.” -CJM Drake (terrorism scholar)

“The unlawful use of force or violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives.” –FBI Any act "intended to cause death or serious bodily harm to civilians or non-combatants with the purpose of intimidating a population or compelling a government or an international organization to do or abstain from doing any act.” -UN

Terrorism violence, or the threat of violence, against non-combatants, usually motivated by political, religious, or ideological beliefs to achieve political change.

Terrorism is not an act between nations. A nation commits a violence → ‘an act of war’, or ‘an act of self-defense’ Exceptions: ‘ State Sponsors of Terrorism’ (If a nation indirectly commits a terrorism by funding a terrorist organization)

Causes of Terrorism Social and political injustice: People choose terrorism when they are trying to right what they perceive to be a social or political or historical wrong. The belief that violence or its threat will be effective and usher in change.

Prominent attacks World Trade Center 9/11/2001 London Bombing 7/7/2005 Mumbai Terror Attacks 26/11/2008

9/11 Attacks in 2001

9/11 Attacks The September 11 attacks were a series of four coordinated suicide attacks upon the United States in New York City and the Washington D.C. area on September 11, 2001. On that Tuesday morning, 19 terrorists from the Islamist militant group “AI Qaeda” hijacked four passenger jets. The hijackers intentionally crashed two plans into the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in New York City; both towers collapsed within two hours. Hijackers crashed another jet into the Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia. The fourth jet crashed into a field near Shanks-ville, Pennsylvania, after passengers attempted to take control before it could reach the hijacker’s intended target in Washington D.C. Nearly 3000 died in the attacks

Terrorism: the impact of globalization Efforts to explain the vitality of global terrorism focus on three areas linked to aspects of globalization: Culture Economics Religion

Cultural explanations: Culture is one way to explain why militant Islam’s call for armed struggle successful in underdeveloped countries. Violence is the only method to preserve their own unique cultural identity Cultural friction translate into conflicts divided along religious or ethnic lines to safeguard identity.

Economic explanations: Terrorist violence is motivated by inequalities of the global economy. Globalization provides access to a world market, however, the gap between the global North or economic ‘core’ and global South is very huge.

Religion: Motivated by promises of rewards in the afterlife, some terrorists are driven by religious reasons to kill the non-believers and unfaithful. The current wave of terrorist violence uses religion as a motivator and to provide the justification to kill non-combatants.

Globalization, technology, and terrorism Technology associated with globalization has enabled terrorist groups to conduct operations that are deadlier, more distributed, and more difficult to combat than they were in the past. Proselytizing Coordination Security Mobility Lethality

Proselytizing: The development of Internet services empowered individuals and groups with the ability to send messages throughout the world wide web. Terrorist supporters and sympathizers build their own websites.

Coordination： The technologies associated with globalization have enabled terrorist cells and groups to mount coordinated attacks in different countries. The simultaneous bombings of the US embassies in Kenya and Tanzania in 1998 are one example. The technologies associated with globalization include commercially available handheld radios and phones, which allowed terrorist groups to operate at substantial distances from one another and network together.

Security: The technological enablers of globalization assist terrorist acts in preserving security in a number ways: distributing elements in a coordinated network, and utilizing clandestine and encrypted communications. In addition, access to hardware can be restricted via the use of passwords.

Mobility: The reduced size and increased capabilities of personal electronics give terrorists mobility advantages. The expansion in the volume of air travel In a society where infrastructures are well- developed, terrorists can move rapidly and complicates efforts to track them.

Lethality: Globalization increased concerns about future catastrophic attacks using WMD. Terrorist groups from Chechnya to Sri Lanka have shared their expertise in the manufacturing of lethal bombs triggered by increasingly sophisticated and globally available remote control devices.

Solutions to terrorism A special intergovernmental organization should be created to deal with terrorism. The stream of money from sponsors to terrorists has to be stopped. All modern equipments exclusively for defeating terrorism Peace education Very stringent laws to tackle terrorism Citizens of the respective countries must join hands with the governments to fight against terrorism

Q&A What is the main difference between terrorism and organized crime? Do you think the best approach to defeat terrorism is by military forces? Why or why not?

Thank you！