.JUAN GRIS. Rosey Gonzalez Pd.2

Still Life with Violin and Glass (oil on canvas, 1915) Fogg Art Museum, Harvard Cubism was the the first abstract art form and the most revolutionary art movement of the 20th century. It was originally conceived and developed in France by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque around 1907, but other artists soon adopted the style. The Spanish artist Juan Gris (his real name was José Victoriano González- Pérez), a friend and neighbour of Picasso in Paris, was the best of these and he refined the cubist vocabulary into his own instantly recognisable visual language.

Still Life with Open Window, Rue Ravignan (oil on canvas, 1915) Philadelphia Museum of Art Still life was the most popular of the cubist themes as it allowed artists to use everyday objects whose forms were still recognisable after they had been simplified and stylised. 'Still Life with Open Window, Rue Ravignan' is a great example of Gris' cubist style. It contains some of the traditional objects commonly associated with still life: a bowl of fruit, a bottle and a glass, a newspaper and a book, all carefully arranged on a table top at a balcony window. The objects are lit by electric light which contrasts with the moonlit scene outside the window. The subject may have been clichéd and predictable but its arrangement was revolutionary. Juan Gris was more calculating than any other Cubist painter in the way he composed his pictures. Every element of a painting was considered with classical precision: line, shape, tone, colour and pattern were carefully refined to create an interlocking arrangement free from any unnecessary decoration or detail. Gris flattens the composition of 'Rue Ravignan' into a grid of overlapping planes. Within the structure of this grid, he delicately balances and counterbalances different areas of the work. Sections shift from light to dark, positive to negative, monochrome to colour, transparency to opacity, and from lamplight inside the room to moonlight outside. The relationships of these juxtaposed elements leave us with a sense of the still life group in its surroundings - the kind of fragmented sense that our memory would retain had we seen them for ourselves.

Still Life with Pears and Grapes on a Table (oil on canvas, 1913) Burton Tremaine Collection, Meriden, CT Before Cubism, all art obeyed the convention of perspective. This was the technique that artists had used since the Renaissance to arrange objects in space. However, perspective only works from one fixed viewpoint and the Cubists believed that it was a limited visualization technique which did not reflect the way that we see the world. Their aim was to develop a new way of seeing which reflected the complexity of the modern age. In Cubist painting artists depict real objects, but not from a fixed viewpoint as in perspective. They combine different viewpoints of a subject in the one image. The whole idea of space is rearranged – the front, back and sides of the subject become interchangeable elements. Cubist images combine the artist’s observation with their memory of the subject to create a poetic evocation of the theme. Juan Gris' 'Still Life with Open Window, Rue Ravignan' is a classic example of the style which contains most of the visual characteristics of the Cubist technique.

Juan Gris was born in Madrid and his real name was José Victoriano González-Pérez. Gris studied engineering drawing before he became an artist. He was a friend and neighbour of Picasso in Paris. After Picasso and Braque, Juan Gris is thought of as the third Cubist but he was the artist who was the most consistently dedicated to the style. Gris painted mostly still lifes in a synthetic cubist style often using bold colours and collage techniques. Although his paintings may appear quite methodical in their design he was quoted as saying, “I prefer the emotion that corrects the rule.” which suggests his instinct and not his intellect was the controlling factor in his art. Gris also created sculptures and worked on set designs for Diaghilev's ballets. Juan Gris died at the young age of 39.

Juan Gris' work was highly calculated and at the same time deeply lyrical. Working from the template of Synthetic Cubism he was able to create paintings which are highly distinctive and although not as famous as Picasso or Braque his work is important when considering the Cubist movement. Juan Gris (real name José González) was born in 1887 in Madrid and studied mathematics, physics and engineering before taking up painting in 1904. He moved to Paris in 1906 and made a living by producing cartoons for newspapers. He painted full-time from 1910 and by 1912 was exhibiting his works in the Cubist style at the Section d'Or exhibition. Among his contemporaries were Picasso and Braque. By 1913 Gris was developing his own distinctive style. Incorporating decorative or printed paper into a picture (a technique known as 'papier collé') Gris produced works with a systematic eye, composing his works as an architect would design a building. He continued to work during the First World War and in 1919 he had his first one-man show at the Léonce Rosenberg Galérie l'Effort Moderne in Paris. From 1920 onwards he spent much of his time in the South of France due to poor health. He continued to paint, however, becoming more painterly as time went on, for example in 'Violin and Fruit Dish' (1924). As well as paintings, Gris also worked on sculptures, drawings and set and costume designs for the ballets of Sergei Diaghilev. He died in Boulogne-sur-Seine (Paris) in the spring of 1927 at the age of forty. "I consider that the architectural element in painting is mathematics, the abstract side; I want to humanise it." Juan Gris.