Chapter Eleven The Fourteenth Century: A Time of Transition

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Presentation transcript:

Chapter Eleven The Fourteenth Century: A Time of Transition Culture and Values, 6th Ed. Cunningham and Reich

Calamity, Decay, and Violence: The Black Death 1348 Bubonic Plague Epidemic Population decline Boccaccio’s Decameron Eyewitness to the plague Fabliaux, exempla, romances “Human Comedy” vs. Divine Comedy

Calamity, Decay, and Violence: The Great Schism Boniface VIII vs. Philip the Fair of France Avignon Papacy / “Babylonian Captivity” 1378, three rival claimants to the papacy Church reform Peasant Revolt of 1381 Robin Hood myth

Calamity, Decay, and Violence: The Hundred Years’ War Conflict between France and England Fought on French soil Poitiers, Crécy, Agincourt Pillaging bands of mercenaries Introduction of the longbow

Literature in Italy, England, and France: Petrarch (1304-1374) From Tuscany, South Florence Restless and curious Collected and copied ancient texts Poet Laureate of Rome - 1348 Renaissance sensibility Keen interest in self Desire for personal glory and fame Secretum

Literature in Italy, England, and France: Petrarch (1304-1374) Letter to Posterity Augustine’s Confessions Latin writings, Latin masters Vernacular Poetry Canzoniere [sonnets, canzoni] Inspired by Laura Petrarchism

Literature in Italy, England, and France: Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400) Highly placed civil servant Poetry, translations, treatise of the astrolabe English language as literary vehicle Skill in the art of human observation Canterbury Tales Narrative frame Cross-section of medieval society Social commentary

Literature in Italy, England, and France: Christine de Pisan (1365-1428?) First female professional writer Literary debate: Romance of the Rose Attacked Jean de Meung’s misogyny A Letter to the God of Love The Book of the City of Ladies The Treasure of the City of Ladies The Book of Peace

Art in Italy: The Italo-Byzantine Background Northern artists inspired by classical art France, England, Germany Italian artists rooted in Byzantine style Conservative, traditional Italian sculptors broke from tradition Nicola Pisano: emphasis on classical models Giovanni Pisano: N. European influence

Art in Italy: The Italo-Byzantine Background Cimabue (1240?-1302?) Realism, anatomical understanding Emotional appeal: corporeal weight and strain Sense of space Duccio di Buoninsegna (1255?-1319?) Emotional states of subjects through their physical appearances Greater sense of space

Art in Italy: Giotto’s Break with the Past Giotto da Bondone (1266?-1337) Revolutionary figure (Vasari) Realism Depth, volume through use of light and dark Three-dimensional modeling of figures “imitate nature” Naturalistic style Emotion and drama

Art in Italy: Painting in Siena International Style Simone Martini (c. 1285-1344) vs. Giotto’s solid realism Grace, sophistication, splendor, elegance Application of Giotto’s Realsim Pietro and Ambrogio Lorenzetti (d. 1348) Palazzo Pubblico fresco

Art in Northern Europe Artistic language: International Style Reciprocity of style (Italy, Northern Europe) Wilton Diptych Court of the Duke of Burgundy, Dijon Claus Sluter’s Well of Moses Limbourg brothers, Trés Riches Heures

Late Gothic Architecture Florence Cathedral Brunelleschi’s dome Duomo in Milan Blend of Gothic and Classical elements Secular public buildings Palazzo Vecchio, Palazzo Pubblico Doge’s Palace in Venice England’s Perpendicular style

Music: Ars Nova Independent, secular musicians Ars Nova Ballads, love songs, current events Ars Nova Philippe de Vitry (1291-1361) Richness and complexity of sound Harmonies, isorhythm

Music: Guillaume de Machaut (1304?-1377) Messe de Notre Dame Kyrie Eleison Gloria Credo Sanctus and Benedictus Agnus Dei Secular music Ballades, troubadour songs

Music: Francesco Landini (1325-1397) Blind virtuoso performer Organ, lute, flute Madrigals Ballate Musica ficta, notational problems

Chapter Eleven: Discussion Questions In what ways do Petrarch’s life and work illustrate the conflict between medieval and Renaissance ideals? Explain. According to the text, Chaucer is “still very much a medieval man.” Explain Chaucer’s ties to medieval culture; do you agree that his ideology is completely medieval or are there signs of the emerging Renaissance within his Canterbury Tales? What characteristics are typical of the Italo-Byzantine style? What did early Renaissance artists do to break from this tradition? Explain, citing specific artistic examples. Compare the Madonna Enthroned as painted by Cimabue, Duccio, and Giotto. What stylistic influences, growth, and changes can be traced through the treatment of this theme by each artist? Although the term Ars Nova was originally applied to music of the period, is it possible to apply the term to the visual arts that emerged during the early Renaissance? Explain.