UNEP Collaborating Centre on Energy and Environment Synthesis of National Experiences with Integrated Development and Climate Policies Kirsten Halsnæs, URC andP.R. Shukla, IIM, Ahmedabad

UNEP Collaborating Centre on Energy and Environment Structure Overview of how sustainable development and climate change perspectives have been applied in different studies. Lessons from mitigation studies. Lessons from adaptation studies. Sustainable development and international climate policy implications. Cross cutting conclusions. Suggestions for new activity areas.

UNEP Collaborating Centre on Energy and Environment Sustainable Development and Climate Change Perspectives Studies vary according to scope and methodological approach: Scope: Sectors: Energy, agriculture, forestry, water, infrastructure etc. Mitigation versus adaptation. National and international climate policy conclusions. Approach: National scenarios and quantiative results. In depth analysis of case studies. Policy dialogues

UNEP Collaborating Centre on Energy and Environment Development and Climate Energy Component Mitigation: Energy Adaptation: infrastructure, energy, water/agr. links UNEP Risø Bangladesh,Brazil, China, India, Senegal, South Africa Methodological Guidelines Country studies World Development Growing in the Greenhouse SD policies and measures for climate change mitigation World Resources Institute Brazil, China, India, South Africa Summary report Development and Climate Landuse Component Vulnerability and adaptation options in landuse sectors NMP, NL Bangladesh, Brazil, China, India, Senegal, South Africa Journal papers

UNEP Collaborating Centre on Energy and Environment OECD Development and Climate Project Vulnerability and adaptation OECD Environment and Development Egypt, Fiji, Bangladesh, Nepal, Tanzania, Uruguay Summary report Asian Perspectives on Climate Regime Beyond 2012 International policy regimes IGES Japan China, India, Indonesia, Korea, Vietnam Summary report Journal papers Development and Climate Engaging Developing Countries Climate Change Mitigation. International and national policy regimes The PEW CentreSummary report

UNEP Collaborating Centre on Energy and Environment Conlusions on the Overview Particularly large countries like Brazil, China, India, and South Africa have been included. Many Asian countries have participated. Very few African and Latin American countries have participated. Weak link between national studies and international climate policy conclusions. Relatively few outputs in peer reviewed literature.

UNEP Collaborating Centre on Energy and Environment Mitigation Focused Studies Development, Energy and Climate, URC with ”the big four” (Brazil, China, India and South Africa) + Bangladesh and Senegal. SD PAM’s, WRI with ”the big four”

UNEP Collaborating Centre on Energy and Environment Development, Energy and Climate Approach Country study work including assessment of energy policies with regard to implications on MDG’s and climate change. Focal areas for SD indicators: Costs, benefits and other general economic impacts. Income generation and distribution. Energy provision and distribution. Environmental impacts. Health impacts of energy use and access to health services. Education Local participation. Quantitative and qualitative analysis using scenarios and models

UNEP Collaborating Centre on Energy and Environment Focal Study Areas The role of energy in SD seen in a macroeconomic context and at housholed level. Social, economic and environmental impacts of energy scenarios. The impacts of including GHG emission reduction in national policies. Case study results for China, India, and South Africa are shown

UNEP Collaborating Centre on Energy and Environment

Policy Impacts -China Clean Coal Technologies will provide: Energy security. Large employment to low income families that are employed with the production of the technologies (7.6 mill people in 2004 and 7.8 mill. people in 2030). Establishment of a strong position for China on international markets for cleaner coal technologies. Reduction in local and global emissions.

UNEP Collaborating Centre on Energy and Environment SD Policies and Measures - Approach SD PAM’s are defined as policies and measures taken by a country in pursuit of its domestic policy objectives. Criteria for SD PAM’s: Specific national development objectives. Can include specific legislative or executive acts, regulations, various instruments, and public-private partnership. Solely private projects or initiatives are excluded. GHG emissions should be reduced. Suggested as a basis for climate change commitments.

UNEP Collaborating Centre on Energy and Environment SD PAM Case Study Results China: Motorization trends. India: Rural electrification. South Africa: Carbon capture and storage. Brazil: Biofuels for transport. Issues include energy security, non-energy sectors, international agreements/finance.

UNEP Collaborating Centre on Energy and Environment Adaptation Focused Studies OECD project Bridge Over Troubled Water Case studies for Egypt, Fiji, Bangladesh, Nepal, Tanzania, and Uruguay. General lessons: Climate Change is already affecting development. Future climate change may also need consideration in development planning. A significant portion of development assistance is directed at climate sensitive sectors. Range 50-65% in Nepal to 12-26% in Tanzania. Development activities routinely overlook climate change and often also variability.

UNEP Collaborating Centre on Energy and Environment Adaptation Focused Studies, Continued Proposed activities: Making climate information more relevant (including short term forecasts and variability). Developing and applying climate risk screening tools (including at project level). Identifying and using appropriate entry points for climate information (EIA, land use planning). Shifting emphasis to implementation. Encouraging meaningfull coordination and the sharing of good practices (private/public, international climate policies).

UNEP Collaborating Centre on Energy and Environment International Climate Policies Asian consultations on climate regime beyond. 2012, IGES. Dialogues with China, India, Indonesia, Korea, and Vietnam. Ideas for strenthening the future climate regime from an Asian perspective: Developmental concerns, in particular energy security, should be addressed as a priority. Due consideration of equity. Flexibility in accomodating national conditions. Mitigation and adaptation differentiation. CDM projects with SD impacts. Mainstreaming of adaptation. Finance including flexible inter-governmental approaches and private finance. Capacity sthrengtening for Asian negotiatos and NGO’s.

UNEP Collaborating Centre on Energy and Environment Cross-cutting Conclusions Mitigation policies have to be framed in the context of SD. Large growth in energy consumption is expected. Due to energy security and costs this can imply increasing CO2 intensity of energy consumption. GHG emission reduction policies need special consideration beyond baseline issues. Energy access and affordability issues are to be integral elements.

UNEP Collaborating Centre on Energy and Environment Cross-cutting Conclusions Climate change impacts already today influence major development priorities. Very limited information and capacities are available for mainstreaming. Mainstreaming need to be anchored in EIA and national planning, integrated in project implementation now. SD framework is still not deeveloped as a framework that can be used in international climate cooperation despite various attempts are done by SD-PAM’s, Asian dialogues and other initiatives.

UNEP Collaborating Centre on Energy and Environment Proposed New Activities Link SD and Climate scenarios with stabilisation scenarios and future international scenario work.

UNEP Collaborating Centre on Energy and Environment Proposed Activities, Continued….. Integrate adaptation and mitigation studies: Methodological framework. Case examples on agriculture/energy, water/agriculture, energy/agriculture, biomass etc. Emphasis social impact analysis e.g. using household expenditure data and time series. Integrated local environmental impacts and health issues. Address key energy sector issues including: Energy security. Finance. The future role of coal and renewable energy. Draw general conclusions about replicability of case study lessons. Link to international climate policy regimes.