The study of carbon-based compounds and their properties.
Historically the distinction between inorganic and organic substances was based on whether or not they were produced by living systems. It was believed that some sort of “life force” was needed to synthesize them.
In 1828, the German chemist Freidrich Wohler ( ) prepared urea from the inorganic salt ammonium cyanate by simple heating. NH 4 OCN H 2 N—C—NH 2 O urea
Hydrocarbons: contain only hydrogen and carbon Hydrocarbons Aliphatic Aromatic AlkanesAlkenesAlkynesCyclic Hydrocarbons can be divided into different types, depending on their bonding.
Alkanes - - Carbon chain, no double or triple bonds. All single bonds Alkenes - - Carbon chain, contains double bond(s) Alkynes - - Carbon chain, contains triple bond(s) Naming Organic Molecules
There are two parts to the main name of each molecule… prefix: tells the # of carbons in main chain or ring suffix: tells the type of bonding in the chain or ring
Prefix: indicates number of carbon atoms in the main chain or ring 1meth- 2eth- 3prop- 4but- 5pent- 6hex- 7hept- 8oct- 9non- 10dec-
Suffix: indicates types of bonds present Alkanes: (all single bonds) ___ -ane Alkenes: (double bond) ___ -ene Alkyne: (triple bond) ___ -yne
For example…
Saturated Hydrocarbons contain only single C-C bonds
Unsaturated hydrocarbons: contain double or triple C-C bonds
Saturated Hydrocarbons: the ALKANES: chains of carbon connected by single bonds:
ALKANES methane, CH 4
ALKANES ethane, C 2 H 6
ALKANES propane, C 3 H 8
ALKANES butane, C 4 H 10
ALKANES pentane, C 5 H 12
ALKANES hexane, C 6 H 14
ALKANES octane, C 8 H 18
“Normal” v. Branched “normal” hydrocarbons are straight chains; no branching Branched-chain hydrocarbons – isomers of “normal” hydrocarbons; have same formula, but different structures
n-butane
2-methlypropane
n-pentane
2-methylbutane
2,2-dimethylpentane
Cycloalkanes
cyclopentane
Unsaturated Hydrocarbons: ALKENES – contain C-C double bonds 2-pentene
Unsaturated Hydrocarbons: ALKENES – contain C-C double bonds 2,4-hexadiene
Unsaturated Hydrocarbons: ALKYNES – contain C-C triple bonds 1-butyne
Unsaturated Hydrocarbons: ALKYNES – contain C-C triple bonds 3-ethyl-1-pentyne
Aromatic Hydrocarbons: benzene – the simplest aromatic hydrocarbon; has a symmetrical ring structure
Aromatic Hydrocarbons: benzene – can be drawn like this…
Derivatives of benzene: 1-ethyl-2-methylbenzene
Derivatives of benzene: 1,2-dimethyl-4-propylbenzene
Functional Groups Functional groups: special groups of atoms attached to a hydrocarbon skeleton; the most common sites of chemical reactivity.
Organic halides: a hydrogen is replaced by a halogen fluoro-, chloro-, bromo-, iodo- 2-iodobutane
Organic halides: a hydrogen is replaced by a halogen fluoro-, chloro-, bromo-, iodo- 2,4-dibromo-1-hexene
Organic halides: a hydrogen is replaced by a halogen fluoro-, chloro-, bromo-, iodo- 1-bromo-2-chlorobenzene
Alcohols & phenols: contain the hydroxyl group (-OH) alcohols: at least 1 H on a hydrocarbon is replaced by OH phenols: at least 1 H on an aromatic ring is replaced by OH 2-propanol
Alcohols & phenols: contain the hydroxyl group (-OH) alcohols: at least 1 H on a hydrocarbon is replaced by OH phenols: at least 1 H on an aromatic ring is replaced by OH 3-methyl-1-butanol
Alcohols & phenols: contain the hydroxyl group (-OH) alcohols: at least 1 H on a hydrocarbon is replaced by OH phenols: at least 1 H on an aromatic ring is replaced by OH 1,2-butanediol
ethers: compounds in which an O atom is bonded to 2 organic groups: -C-O-C- methoxymethane (dimethyl ether)
ethers: compounds in which an O atom is bonded to 2 organic groups: -C-O-C- methoxypropane (methyl propyl ether)
ethers: compounds in which an O atom is bonded to 2 organic groups: -C-O-C- methoxybenzene (methyl phenyl ether)
amines: derivatives of ammonia (NH 3 ) in which 1 or more H atoms are replaced by organic groups (alkyl or aryl groups) ammonia
amines: derivatives of ammonia (NH 3 ) in which 1 or more H atoms are replaced by organic groups (alkyl or aryl groups) methylamine
amines: derivatives of ammonia (NH 3 ) in which 1 or more H atoms are replaced by organic groups (alkyl or aryl groups) trimethylamine
amines: derivatives of ammonia (NH 3 ) in which 1 or more H atoms are replaced by organic groups (alkyl or aryl groups) 2-aminobutane
amines: derivatives of ammonia (NH 3 ) in which 1 or more H atoms are replaced by organic groups (alkyl or aryl groups) 1-amino-3-propylcyclohexane
*aniline: the simplest aromatic amine aniline
*aniline: the simplest aromatic amine 3,5-dichloroaniline
*aniline: the simplest aromatic amine N,N-dimethylaniline
Carboxylic acids: compounds that contain the carboxyl group (general formula is R-COOH) butanoic acid
Carboxylic acids: compounds that contain the carboxyl group (general formula is R-COOH) ethanoic acid
Carboxylic acids: compounds that contain the carboxyl group (general formula is R-COOH) 3-methylpentanoic acid
Carboxylic acids: compounds that contain the carboxyl group (general formula is R-COOH) benzoic acid