1. West Valley High School
Chapter 22B
Functional Groups
West Valley High School
General Chemistry
Mr. Mata

2. Standard 10E
Students will be able to identify functional groups by looking at organic chemistry structural formulas.

3. Essential Question
How do functional groups help identify specific organic chemistry structures?

4. Functional Groups
Functional groups - special groups of atoms attached to a hydrocarbon skeleton.
most common sites of chemical reactivity.

5. Examples of Functional Groups

6. Organic halides: a hydrogen is replaced by a halogen
Organic halides: a hydrogen is replaced by a halogen. fluoro-, chloro-, bromo-, iodo- 2-iodobutane

7. Organic halides: a hydrogen is replaced by a halogen
Organic halides: a hydrogen is replaced by a halogen. fluoro-, chloro-, bromo-, iodo- 2,4-dibromo-1-hexene

8. Organic halides: a hydrogen is replaced by a halogen
Organic halides: a hydrogen is replaced by a halogen. fluoro-, chloro-, bromo-, iodo- 1-bromo-2-chlorobenzene

9. Alcohols & phenols: contain the hydroxyl group (-OH)
Alcohols & phenols: contain the hydroxyl group (-OH). alcohols: at least 1 H on a hydrocarbon is replaced by OH phenols: at least 1 H on an aromatic ring is replaced by OH 2-propanol

10. Alcohols & phenols: contain the hydroxyl group (-OH)
Alcohols & phenols: contain the hydroxyl group (-OH). alcohols: at least 1 H on a hydrocarbon is replaced by OH phenols: at least 1 H on an aromatic ring is replaced by OH 3-methyl-1-butanol

11. Alcohols & phenols: contain the hydroxyl group (-OH) alcohols: at least 1 H on a hydrocarbon is replaced by OH phenols: at least 1 H on an aromatic ring is replaced by OH 1,2-butanediol

12. ethers: compounds in which an O atom is bonded to 2 organic groups: -C-O-C-. dimethyl ether

13. ethers: compounds in which an O atom is bonded to 2 organic groups: -C-O-C-. methyl propyl ether

14. ethers: compounds in which an O atom is bonded to 2 organic groups: -C-O-C-. methyl phenyl ether

15. Carboxylic acids: compounds that contain the carboxyl group (-oic ending). (general formula is R-COOH) butanoic acid

16. Carboxylic acids: compounds that contain the carboxyl group (-oic ending). (general formula is R-COOH) ethanoic acid

17. Carboxylic acids: compounds that contain the carboxyl group (-oic ending). (general formula is R-COOH) 3-methylpentanoic acid

18. Carboxylic acids: compounds that contain the carboxyl group (-oic ending). (general formula is R-COOH) benzoic acid

19. amines: derivatives of ammonia (NH3) in which 1 or more H atoms are replaced by organic groups (alkyl or aryl groups) ammonia

20. amines: derivatives of ammonia (NH3) in which 1 or more H atoms are replaced by organic groups (alkyl or aryl groups). methylamine

21. amines: derivatives of ammonia (NH3) in which 1 or more H atoms are replaced by organic groups (alkyl or aryl groups). trimethylamine

22. amines: derivatives of ammonia (NH3) in which 1 or more H atoms are replaced by organic groups (alkyl or aryl groups) aminobutane

23. amines: derivatives of ammonia (NH3) in which 1 or more H atoms are replaced by organic groups (alkyl or aryl groups) amino-3-propylcyclohexane

24. *aniline: the simplest aromatic amine. aniline

25. *aniline: the simplest aromatic amine. 3,5-dichloroaniline
Naming it “aniline” make this carbon #1 by definition

26. Summary of IUPAC rules for naming organic compounds
IUPAC: International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
International, non-governmental organization that is best known for its system of nomenclature, which is now recognized as the world authority in this field.

27. Rule #1: Identify the longest chain of carbon atoms
a) The longest chain of carbon atoms gives the stem/root of the name as shown in the table below:
# of C-atoms in longest chain
Stem in IUPAC name
Example (C2H2n+2 for alkanes) 1
meth-
CH4, methane 2
eth-
C2H6, ethane 3
prop-
C3H8, propane 4
but-
C4H10, butane 5
pent-
C5H12, pentane 6
hex-
C6H14, hexane 7
hept-
C7H16, heptane 8
oct-
C8H18, octane 9
non-
C9H20, nonane

28. Rule #2: Number the carbons in the main chain.
Number chain to minimize the position/number of the following in order of priority:
thing you’re naming the compound after (double bond if alkene; -OH group if alcohol, etc)
note: for multiple double bonds -diene, -triene, -tetraene
first branch/substituent group
If both ends have the same first branching number, then number chain to minimize position of second branch (and then third and so on).
if still in need of a tie breaker, minimize # of substituent group that comes first alphabetically
Note: in cyclic and aromatic (benzene derivatives) compounds, no number needed if only one substituent.

29. Rule #3: Identify the functional group and attach appropriate suffix
Note: the name for the stem/root is derived from the longest carbon chain, which may include the carbon of the functional group.
Indicating position of the functional group: shown by a number inserted before the functional group ending. The number refers to the carbon atom to which the functional group is attached when the chain is numbered starting at the end that will give the smallest number to the group.

30. Class of compound
Functional group
Suffix in IUPAC name
alkane
-ane
alkene
-ene
alkyne
-yne
alcohol
-anol
aldehyde
-anal
ketone
-anone
carboxylic acid
-anoic acid
amine
-anamine

31. Side chain/ substituent group
Rule #4: Identify the side chains or substituent groups Assign number of carbon at point of attachment.
Side chain/ substituent group
Prefix in IUPAC name
Example
-CH3
methyl-
2-methylpropane
-C2H5
ethyl
3-ethylpentane
-C3H7
propyl-
4-propylheptane
-F, -Cl, -Br, -I
fluoro-, chloro-, bromo-, iodo-
tetrachloromethane
-NH2
amino-
2-aminoethanioic acid

32. Rule #5: Assemble name as a single word  #, substituent, root, suffix
List substituents alphabetically (i.e. butyl- before methyl-)
If multiples of one substituent are present: “di-,” “tri-,” “tetra,” etc.
Note: “di-,” “tri-,” “tetra,” etc. aren’t part of alphabetical name (triethyl- before dimethyl-)
punctuation: commas between numbers; hyphens between numbers and letters; merged into one word (exception: acid = word #2 for carboxylic acids)

33. Chapter 22B SUTW Prompt
Describe three functional groups and how they are unique from other groups.
Complete a sentence paragraph using the SUTW paragraph format. Hilight using green, yellow, and pink.
Due Date: Tomorrow (start of class).