Social Mobility & Status Attainment I Three Generations of Comparative Intergenerational Stratification Research

3 Generations of Research in Intergenerational Stratification The core issue: what are the mechanisms of transmission of socioeconomic advantage from generation to generation The core issue: what are the mechanisms of transmission of socioeconomic advantage from generation to generation I follow the outline of Ganzeboom et al. (1991); 3 generations of research after WW II are distinguished I follow the outline of Ganzeboom et al. (1991); 3 generations of research after WW II are distinguished

The 1 st Generation An example of 1 st generation research is Lipset et al. (originally published 1956) An example of 1 st generation research is Lipset et al. (originally published 1956) Focus is on tables representing occupational mobility from fathers to sons Focus is on tables representing occupational mobility from fathers to sons Analysis is “little more than the inspection of inflow and outflow percentages” (p. 280) Analysis is “little more than the inspection of inflow and outflow percentages” (p. 280) It is recognized that observed mobility rates are a function of marginal distributions, thus not comparable It is recognized that observed mobility rates are a function of marginal distributions, thus not comparable

Mobility Indices (%) Country Upward mobility % Downward mobility % Total vertical % US Germany Sweden Japan France Switzerland451323

Main Questions/Findings of 1 st Generation Overall pattern of social mobility is much the same in all Western industrial societies (vs. idea of US exceptionalism) Overall pattern of social mobility is much the same in all Western industrial societies (vs. idea of US exceptionalism) Mobility rates higher in industrial than in nonindustrial societies Mobility rates higher in industrial than in nonindustrial societies Effects of political structure on mobility? Effects of political structure on mobility? Political stability - + > mobility rate Political stability - + > mobility rate Socialism - + > mobility rate Socialism - + > mobility rate

Ancillary Questions of 1 st Generation Effect of mobility on voting behavior – see discussion in Lipset et al. pp Effect of mobility on voting behavior – see discussion in Lipset et al. pp Strong similarity of prestige hierarchies in different societies (Treiman 1977) Strong similarity of prestige hierarchies in different societies (Treiman 1977)

The 2 nd Generation The paradigm of 2 nd generation research is Blau & Duncan (1967); it reflects 3 major innovations The paradigm of 2 nd generation research is Blau & Duncan (1967); it reflects 3 major innovations 1. Use of 3-digit US Census occupational classification 2. Duncan’s SEI scale of occupational status (see later) 3. Measurement of indirect effects with the use of path models (see later)

Duncan’s Scale of Occupational Status (SEI) Regress average prestige ratings (% “excellent” or “good”) for 45 occupations on % male workers with 4+ years HS and % with income $3,500+ (multiple r =.91) Regress average prestige ratings (% “excellent” or “good”) for 45 occupations on % male workers with 4+ years HS and % with income $3,500+ (multiple r =.91) Use regression coefficients to estimate SEI score for all occupations, from the occupation’s education and income distributions (see Table 1 pp ) Use regression coefficients to estimate SEI score for all occupations, from the occupation’s education and income distributions (see Table 1 pp )

More on Measurement of Occupational Status Occupational prestige vs. socioeconomic status; how do the measures differ, especially for farmers? Occupational prestige vs. socioeconomic status; how do the measures differ, especially for farmers? Why do Featherman & Hauser (1976) prefer SEI to prestige ratings? Why do Featherman & Hauser (1976) prefer SEI to prestige ratings? Why does Hodge prefer prestige ratings? Why does Hodge prefer prestige ratings?

Measurement of Status (cont’d) Hauser & Warren (GRUSKY pp ) conclude: “Although composite measures of occupational status may have heuristic uses, the global concept of occupational status is scientifically obsolete.” (p. 285) How do they get to that conclusion? Hauser & Warren (GRUSKY pp ) conclude: “Although composite measures of occupational status may have heuristic uses, the global concept of occupational status is scientifically obsolete.” (p. 285) How do they get to that conclusion? What do they propose instead of SEI? Why? What do they propose instead of SEI? Why?

Data for B&D Attainment Model

B&D Status Attainment Model

Substantive Patterns in B&D Model Direct occupational inheritance p RsOccFsOcc is only.115 Direct occupational inheritance p RsOccFsOcc is only.115 Most of r FsOccROcc =.405 is indirect, thru RsEd Most of r FsOccROcc =.405 is indirect, thru RsEd The major part of the total effect of RsEd on RsOc (.596) is independent of social origins (.535 vs. only.061 thru FsOc and FsEd) & driven by RsEd residual The major part of the total effect of RsEd on RsOc (.596) is independent of social origins (.535 vs. only.061 thru FsOc and FsEd) & driven by RsEd residual

Substantive Patterns (cont’d) What is the substantive interpretation of the RsEd residual: unmeasured ability, effort, free will or agency? What is the substantive interpretation of the RsEd residual: unmeasured ability, effort, free will or agency?

Status Achievement Model With IQ

New Substantive Questions How does effect of R’sEd on R’sOcc compare with direct effect of F’sEd on R’sOcc? B&D find ratio is 2.9:1. They conclude that in mid-20 th century US achievement was more important than ascription in determining occupational status How does effect of R’sEd on R’sOcc compare with direct effect of F’sEd on R’sOcc? B&D find ratio is 2.9:1. They conclude that in mid-20 th century US achievement was more important than ascription in determining occupational status B&D reckon that industrialization increases importance of achievement relative to ascription processes B&D reckon that industrialization increases importance of achievement relative to ascription processes

Substantive Questions (cont’d) Note how ascription is associated with relative effect of family background (e.g., F’sOcc), and achievement is associated with relative effect of education (R’sEd) Note how ascription is associated with relative effect of family background (e.g., F’sOcc), and achievement is associated with relative effect of education (R’sEd) Treiman (1970) – In more developed countries F’sOcc -> R’sEd and F’sOcc -> R’sOcc weaker (less ascription) Treiman (1970) – In more developed countries F’sOcc -> R’sEd and F’sOcc -> R’sOcc weaker (less ascription) Effect of political structure – less ascription under socialism Effect of political structure – less ascription under socialism

The 3rd Generation Shift from multivariate linear regression to loglinear models (Hauser 1978) Shift from multivariate linear regression to loglinear models (Hauser 1978) Advantages of loglinear models “believed by their advocates to be”: Advantages of loglinear models “believed by their advocates to be”: 1. Can distinguish absolute from relative mobility chances (social fluidity) 2. Can model diagonal (=class immobility) and off-diagonal cells separately

Results from CASMIN Project 1. Common classification of occupational classes (EGP categories) 2. CASMIN “core model” parameters associated with inheritance effects, hierarchical effects, sectoral effects, and (dis)affinity effects 3. Specific substantive conclusions:

Results from CASMIN (cont’d) a. Inheritance & sectoral effects more important than hierarchical effects for relative mobility patterns b. Patterns of relative intergenerational mobility do not differ much across industrial countries (except that relative mobility is slightly higher in Sweden & US)

Problems with CASMIN Other research finds large between- country variation in parameters of mobility tables (vs. common fluidity model) Other research finds large between- country variation in parameters of mobility tables (vs. common fluidity model) CASMIN loglinear levels model does not estimate overall characterization of mobility regime CASMIN loglinear levels model does not estimate overall characterization of mobility regime Other models that do reveal single dimension resembling occupational status ordering of classes Other models that do reveal single dimension resembling occupational status ordering of classes

Results from 3 Generations of Research Throughout the world intergenerational occupational mobility is driven by SES as measured by SEI-type scales Throughout the world intergenerational occupational mobility is driven by SES as measured by SEI-type scales Throughout the world there is excess intergenerational occupational immobility especially in classes with significant proprietorship Throughout the world there is excess intergenerational occupational immobility especially in classes with significant proprietorship Mobility patterns differ across time and countries; responsible factors not clear Mobility patterns differ across time and countries; responsible factors not clear

Results (cont’d) Status attainment research suggests that R’sEd is more important determinant of R’sOcc than parental Occ, and that bulk of R’sEd effect is independent of social origins Status attainment research suggests that R’sEd is more important determinant of R’sOcc than parental Occ, and that bulk of R’sEd effect is independent of social origins At same time Ed is important mechanism of transfer of advantage from generation to generation At same time Ed is important mechanism of transfer of advantage from generation to generation

Conclusion “It is evident that firmly established conclusions regarding societal variations and similarities in the structure and process of intergenerational social mobility are not numerous. There is much work to be done.” (Ganzeboom et al., p. 297) “It is evident that firmly established conclusions regarding societal variations and similarities in the structure and process of intergenerational social mobility are not numerous. There is much work to be done.” (Ganzeboom et al., p. 297)