1 Ethics in Psychological Research  Ethics – __________________  Research ethics – responsibility of researchers to be honest and respectful of all individuals affected by their research.  Obligations as researchers 1. Treat human research participants with respect and in a way that maintains their ______ and __________ 2. Care for the ________________ when they are the subjects of research 3. Be ________ in the treatment of data

2 Ethics in Psychological Research  Code of Ethics developed by APA Planning research Voluntary status of participants Treatment of participants

3 Planning research Does the ______________________ of the study outweigh the __________________ to research participants? Planning research 1. Scientists should consider ethical acceptability of study, design study according to ethical standards 2. Minimize possibility of __________________ 3. Scientists should take steps to protect rights and welfare of subjects

4 Planning research Responsibility 1. Conduct research ____________ 2. Responsible for __________ ___________________________ 3. They and assistants are appropriately _____ 4. Consult with _________ concerning special populations Psychologists should conduct research in a manner consistent with __________________ Psychologists should obtain approval from the _________________ prior to conducting research Psychologists should obtain _______________

5 Institutional approval  Institutional Review Board (IRB) Group of at least ___people at Faculty from several departments, one member of the outside community, one _____________ IRB has to be in place for a university to receive ________________ for research Researchers must obtain IRB approval ________conducting research (Researchers must submit proposal to IRB for review) IRB evaluate _______________, __________, ________________

6 IRB-issues  Methods  ______ research  Overly conservative  ______ model

7 Ensuring that participants are volunteers Informed consent –principle that participants should be given __________________ about the study so that they can make an informed decision – it ensures that ___________ ___________.  Informed consent __________________ – Formal agreement between researcher and participant that clarifies the nature of the research and responsibilities of both parties. Participants must ____________________ before they begin participation

8 Ensuring that participants are volunteers Informed consent: Describes what ___________________ ________________ Potential _______ or discomforts _____________ Describes how subjects are _____________ __________ treatments

9 Informed consent Cases in the US that have provoked critical reactions: 1. ________________ – ( ) Children with mental retardation purposely infected with hepatitis for study Parents told of procedure, but may have felt pressured Researchers said that participants would have gotten hepatitis anyway 2. _________________ – (1930s) 400 African American men purposely infected with syphilis Never told about the nature of their disease Were not given treatment

10 Special populations  Not all participants can give consent _______  Must get _________  Must get consent from ________________  Some populations may experience coercion __________

11 Treatment of participants  Minimizing _______ and ensure well-being of participants  Maintaining _____________ – information about participants remains private  Provide participant with information about study  _____________ – researchers sometimes withhold information about study (passive or active). Used when providing information may disrupt the study Must be ________ Researcher must not withhold information about ______________ Participants must be _________

12 Treatment of participants  Debriefing – At the ________________ researchers discuss the experiment with participants Explain the _____________________ Explain the importance and purpose of any ___________ Reducing _______ __________ experienced within session

13 Ethical Guidelines for research with nonhumans  Why animals in psychological research? ______________________ Manipulations that ________be done with humans Clear _________ for humans and other animals  Justifying the study – Scientific value weighed against ___________ to animals  Caring for animals Federal regulations Legitimate suppliers Veterinary care  ________________________________ (______) – equivalent to IRB  Use of animals for ________

14 Scientific Fraud Deception to secure unfair or unlawful gain 1. _____________ – deliberately taking the ideas of someone else and claiming them as one’s own 2. ____________ (_______) –not reporting all data to completely fabricating results, e.g., Cyril Burt – improbable data on the IQ data in twins  May be detected in the ___________ process  ________________ may report it  May be noticed if data don’t fit with other ______________ Why? How to prevent it?

15 Fraud - recommendations  Never ___________ data  Never _________ data from a report  Keep ____ data