1. Ethics in Practice: Guidelines and Regulations

2. Nuremberg Code
One of the first guidelines for the ethical conduction of medical research involving human subjects
1947 – A direct response to the experiments conducted by the Nazi doctors
Identified key components of ethical research design:
Informed consent, benefice, absence of deceit, qualification of researchers, participant autonomy

3. Declaration of Helsinki
World Medical Association
Originally published 1964, Last rev. 2008
Expands on many of the ideas presented in the Nuremburg Code.
Explains:
Informed consent, risk/benefit, IRB, putting the subject/patient first, publication of results, confidentiality, etc.

4. Belmont Report Department of Health, Education, and Welfare - 1979
Partially in response to the Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment
“Ethical Principles and Guidelines for the Protection of Human Subjects of Research”
Defines:
Practice vs. Research
Respect for Persons
Beneficence and Justice
How to apply the guidelines

5. Title 45 – Section 46 Protection of Human Subjects
Defines the construct and purpose of an IRB
Gives detailed regulations for research involving special populations:
Pregnant women and fetuses
Prisoners
Children

6. Title 45 – Section 46 IRB: Let’s look at UB’s IRB....
5 members, diverse in characteristics and credentials
One member from scientific community
One member from non-scientific community
One member not affiliated with the institution (or related to a member of the institution)
Members may not be involved if there is a conflict of interest
Experts in a particular area of study, may consult without voting ability
Let’s look at UB’s IRB....

7. IRB Process
All researchers must follow their institution’s IRB process (which should incorporate Title 45- section 46 procedures)
Application with explanation of research to be conducted, usually includes:
Researcher information
Informed consent document
Instruments/Scales to be used
Research procedures
Evaluation of risk/benefit
Debriefing documentation/methods
Funding sources (if applicable)
The application process must be completed at every institution involved in the research.

8. Special Populations Pregnant women Fetuses Prisoners Children
Individuals with mental health issues

9. Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct
APA Members a supposed to uphold the code, acceptance of membership means one accepts the code
Psychologists are responsible for understanding the code
Not all inclusive

10. APA Code of Conduct General Principles Beneficence and Nonmaleficence
Fidelity and Responsibility
Integrity
Justice
Respect for Rights and Dignity

11. APA Code of Conduct Section 1: Resolving Ethical Issues
Section 2: Competence
Section 3: Human Relations
Section 4: Privacy and Confidentiality
Section 5: Advertising and Public Statements
Section 6: Record Keeping and Fees
Section 7: Education and Training
Section 8: Research and Publication
Section 9: Assessment
Section 10: Therapy