How Technology Changed the Face of the War Spodek, pp , ,

WHY GLOBAL WAR IN 1914?  Break of Multi-national Empires  Intense Nationalism –Social Darwinism –Yellow Journalism  Arms Race and Rise of Armaments Industry

New Weapons

New Weapons (continued)

Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand  Serbian nationalism is a big problem then and now  Who Fought?  England, France, Belgium (neutral but attacked), Russia, Serbia, Italy, and Brazil  Austria-Hungary, Germany, and the Ottoman Empire

Battlefronts

Western front and Trenches

Lusitania

Lusitania and Zeppelins

How World War I ends:  All European powers worn down—millions of casualties, millions of mutilated men  British blockage leads to famine conditions in Germany and Austria-Hungary

US Enters the War:  Germans feel they have to renew unrestricted submarine warfare to end British blockade or morale will be totally ruined  Zimmerman Telegram  April 1917, Woodrow Wilson asked Congress to declare war.  Ludendoff Offensive in March 1918  Germans defeated 11 of November 1918

Casualties of World War I  Great Britain: 947, 000 dead; 2,122,000 wounded  France: 1,385,000 dead; 3,044,000 wounded  Russia: 1,700,000 dead; 4,950,000 wounded  Italy: 460,000 dead; 947,000 wounded  US: 115,000 dead; 206,000 wounded  Germany: 1,808,000 dead; 4,247,000 wounded  Austrio-Hungarian Empire: 1,200,000 dead; 3,620,000 wounded  Ottoman Empire: 325,000 dead; 400,000 wounded

Versailles Treaty  Really five separate treaties but can think of them as Versailles Treaty  Two approaches: –Woodrow Wilson –Georges Clemenceau (French Premier)

Woodrow Wilson’s Approach  Fourteen Points –Guide to future peace –Open covenants of peace; openly arrived at –National Self- Determination –League of Nations

Georges Clemenceau’s Approach  Punish Germany –Blamed Germany for the war –Disarm Germany –Demilitarize the Rhineland –Create buffer states in Eastern Europe –Make Germany pay for the war (“war reparations”)

Results of the Versailles Conference  Wilson got the League of Nations (but neither Germany nor USSR were in it)—US Senate vetoed entire Versailles Treaty.  Punish Germany: –Germany blamed for war –No Army –Alsace-Lorraine to France –Rhineland demilitarized –No Armaments Industry –Germany pays for War and Reparations (5 billion +)

Eastern Europe

National Self-Determination  Eastern Europe –Austria-Hungary is dismantled  Austria becomes small country  Czechoslovakia  Yugoslavia  Poland  Treaty of Trianon –Hungary becomes a very small state, losing much territory and a majority of the Hungarians –Romania (including large populations of Hungarians)

Middle East After Settlements  British Role: –Arab Revolts (Lawrence of Arabia) –Balfour Declaration  French Role: –Got Involved in Palestinian struggles to prevent British from getting all Middle East as new colonies

Treaty of Sevres, August 10, 1920  Mandates (another name for colonies to please President Wilson)  Jordon—mandate to British  Palestine—to British  Syria and Lebanon— French  Hijaz (Arab) independent

Consequences of “Peace to End All War”  World War II  Arab-Israeli Conflict  Iraq-Iran War  Persian Gulf War  Bosnia, Kosovo, Serbian crisis  Al Queda – 9/11  Iraq War

Other Consequences  Ho Chi Minh – Vietnam War  May 4 th Movement – Chinese Communism