No DBQ or Long Essay will focus exclusively on period 1 Review Session #1 Period 1 1491-1607 5 % of Exam No DBQ or Long Essay will focus exclusively on period 1

Good to know: Look @ maps of different areas of North America: Key Concept 1.1 “Before the arrival of Europeans, native populations in North America developed a wide variety of social, political, and economic structures based in part on interactions with the environment and each other.” Good to know: Look @ maps of different areas of North America: How did natives adapt to their environment? How did different natives interact with each other?

Maize (corn) Specifically mentioned in curriculum framework (might see a direct question about it) In general maize cultivation Enlarged populations Allowed for more permanent living Natives developed villages around maize

The Great Plains/ Plains Area Hunting and gathering Lack of resources Large flat land Horses (introduced by Europeans) Hunting becomes easier (bison) Warfare becomes more destructive . -Geography helped shape cultures among the diverse Native American peoples. -horses help natives become more powerful

Southwest US In the southwest of North America, tribes tended to settle in one place and practice agriculture (ex. Pueblo people) Pueblos developed irrigation systems to support maize cultivation

Northeast Mix of hunting/gathering Many permanent housing structures farmed the three sisters (maize, beans, and squash), hunted game, and fished in the many rivers, lakes, and the sea Iroquois- (Present day NY and PA): Burned forests to hunt and grow crops Villages were built around maize (corn) matriarchal society: Power was based on female authority Women were instrumental in councils and decision-making Women would tend to crops and oversaw community affairs while men hunted Maize is specifically mentioned in curriculum framework

Iroquois long house Serve as home for extended family or clan All clans traced their heritage back through female ancestors (matriarchy) Traditional Iroquois long houses

West Chinooks Most based on hunting, gathering, and foraging Societies tended to be ruled by wealthy families Chinooks Advocated warrior traditions Used advanced fighting techniques Lived in longhouses which could house many families similar to Iroquois

Good to know: Positives and negatives from Columbian exchange Key Concept 1.2 “European overseas expansion resulted in the Columbian Exchange, a series of interactions and adaptations among societies across the Atlantic.” Good to know: Positives and negatives from Columbian exchange Impact on New and Old Worlds

Reasons for exploration Reasons for European exploration 3 G’s – God, Gold, & Glory Spain- spread Christianity Encomiendas- allowed the government to “commend”, or give, Indians and land to certain colonists in return for the promise to try to Christianize them It really was slavery. France- profit – beaver fur in northern America England- profit Joint-stock companies- $ raised by selling shares to investors who became partners in the venture

Why Explore Now? (1400-1500s) Technological/scientific innovations (caravel ship, better maps, astrolabe) Intellectual curiosity and thirst for knowledge, stimulated by the Renaissance Bigger populations, rebounding after the Black Plague in the Middle Ages Increase in trade/desire for new trade routes/$$$ Increased nationalism (pride in country/ethnic group) as nation-states like Spain emerged During the period of the early 1400s, there were substantial changes affecting European nations which fueled the push for exploration and colonization. First, trade and the desire for trade routes occurred because many had read the works of Marco Polo. Many read the stories of Polo’s travels, and desired to expand trade into China. In addition, many veterans of the Crusades had sampled the fabrics and spices available in the Middle East and wanted them more readily available. Second, the idea of nationalism in Europe increased the “exploration spirit”. Strong European rulers during this time increased tax revenue and competed with one another for political and military power. Most notable of these nations were Portugal, Spain, France, and Engliand. Increased populations in western European nations decimated by the Black Plague stretched land availability and resources to the breaking point. Many people saw exploration and colonization as a way to get land and freedom. Finally, the Renaissance brought all sorts of new inventions as well as a new-found level of curiosity to the nations of Western Europe. Gutenberg’s printing press made Marco Polo’s words more available. Inventions such as the astrolabe and increased map-making skills made exploration easier. New techniques in shipbuilding, such as the caravel, a type of vessel which could be sailed closer to the shoreline, made exploration easier.

The “Columbian Exchange” Columbian Exchange refers to the interaction between the “Old World” (Europe) and “New World” (Americas). Americas to Europe: turkeys, pumpkins, corn, tomatoes, peanuts, tobacco, and other goods. Europe to Americas: livestock (including the first horses), grapes, sugar cane, honey bees, and citrus fruits. Europeans also brought diseases including smallpox, malaria, and measles, which wiped out thousands of Native Americans. Within 50 years of Columbus’s landing, only one in 10 Native Americans still survived.

Columbian Exchange Europe Africa Natives Increase European food consumption and population Shift from Feudalism to capitalism Africa Increase slave trade Natives Increase in disease

Drawing from the Florentine Codex showing transmission of smallpox among Natives Florentine Codex- manuscript documenting the Aztec people and contact with the Aztecs

Key Concept 1.3 “Contact among American Indians, Africans, and Europeans challenged the worldviews of each group.” Good to know: How did Spaniards view/treat natives How did Natives resist European conquest How did Africans adapt to new contact More focus on differing b/w Spanish, French, British and Dutch interactions in period 2

Spanish Contact “Black Legend”- concept held that the conquerors merely tortured and killed the Indians, stole their gold, infected them with smallpox, and left little but misery behind. Somewhat true They grafted their culture, laws, religion, and language into the native societies. This laid the foundation for the modern- day Spanish speaking nations. The Spanish also incorporated indigenous culture with their own, rather than isolating and shunning the Indians as the English did Intermarriage Mestizo-SP and Native Mulatto- Spanish and African

Spanish Contact Many Spaniards saw themselves as superior to Natives Tried to impose their religion through missions Caste system develop Mestizo Mulatto Bartolome de las Casas argued Natives as equals to SP Helped end encomienda system Juan de Sepulveda: Advocated harsh treatment of Natives Claimed slavery for Natives was justified under Christianity

Adaption/Resistance Some Native resistance/ tried to preserve their autonomy Juan de Onate- defeated revolts of Pueblos in New Mexico area Africans Maintained native religious elements while mixing them with Christianity Maroon communities in Brazil and Caribbean- communities of runaway slaves