1. Europeans and Native Americans

2. Pre Columbian America (1491) Different environments led to different tribal lifestyles. – Southwest: maize cultivation; stationary; social diversification (Pueblo) – Great Plains: lack of resources; mobile (Sioux) – Northeast: agriculture; permanent villages (Iroquois)

3. European interactions: Spanish Disease (smallpox) racially mixed population (mestizo) introduction of horses dramatically changes NA lifestyle Indian labor in the encomienda (replaced by African slaves) Belief in white superiority to justify poor treatment (Juan de Sepulveda: conquest is Spain’s right)

4. Columbian Exchange From Europe to New World: New foods (coffee and sugar); livestock (horses, cows); disease (smallpox) From New World to Europe: desirable goods (fur, tobacco, gold); new crops to stimulate population growth (corn, potatoes) From Africa to New World (especially West Indies): slave labor

5. Loss of cultural autonomy Conversion efforts lead to loss of NA religions (esp. in Spanish mission system and amongst tribes in New England, such as the Wampanoag) Efforts to please colonists to avoid decimation leads to Anglicization (esp. amongst the Cherokee) Resistance: – Anglo-Powhatan War (1 st 1614, 2 nd 1644) – Pueblo revolt/Pope’s Rebellion (NM 1680) – King Philip’s War/Metacom: 1675-76 (New England)