 Religious Wars (Thirty Years War  Agricultural decline  Rampant poverty  Crisis for peasants  Reoccurrence of Plague  Cottage industry in decline  Food riots were common

 Large problems— large government.  Frequent wars— larger armies  Larger armies— larger bureaucracy  Power centered in divine right rulers: Absolutists

 A political theory holding that all power should be vested in one ruler or other authority.  A forerunner to modern totalitarianism  Has its roots in France  Cardinal Richelieu

 Subordination of all groups and institutions in France  Leveled castles  Abolished local institutions  Limited rights of nobility  Mandatory military service  Revocation of the Edict of Nantes

 An uprising of nobles against these rigid political policies.  Many opposed centralization and new taxes

 Rose at age five  Fronde story  Use of art to glorify  Versailles  “Cult of personality”  Mercantilist economic policy: favorable balance of trade, acquisition of gold

 33 of 54 years of reign were at war.  Modern army  Louis XIV took personal command  Expansionist policy  Looked to expand West  War of Spanish Succession  Seven Years War  Many losses-French Bankruptcy

ENGLAND’S PATH TO A CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY 16 th and 17 th Century

Elizabeth I  Excercised great personal power.  Victory over the Armada  Shakespeare  Sole weakness? Succession

James VI—James I  Cousin of Elizabeth I  Well educated with the 35 years of Monarchal experience.  “Breeches”  Scotish Accent/Lack of majesty  Belief in Divine Right of Kings

Role of Commons  Power of the purse  Exertion of strength  Desire to be sovereign from king James I.  Charles I—attempts to govern without it!

Charles I  Problems with “Puritans”  Puritan dominance in Parliament  “No Bishop No King” James I  Illegal levies without Parliamentary consent  Represented French style Abolutism

Long Parliament  Need for Charles to call Parliament and act.  “The Long Parliament ”  Rebellion in Ireland 1641  Parliament unwilling to grant funds

Civil War!  English Civil War:  Roundheads v. Cavaliers  Cromwell’s New Model Army  Where does power lie?  King Charles tried and executed for Treason.

Interregnum  Separation of two monarchal periods  Changes in power of Parliament  “Republican” government of Cromwell  Lord Protectorate

Restoration  Invitation by Parliament for Charles II (son) to come back from exile and rule.  Parliament was restored  Good relationships between Charles II and Parliament  Secret deal with Louis XIV

James II  Openly catholic  James II bears a son  Catholic Dynasty?

Glorious Revolution  Replacement of a king without blood  Destruction of Divine Right of Kings  William and Mary  Sovereignty in England is equally divided  Declaration of Rights: cornerstone of the British Constitution

Declaration of Rights  Law was to be made in Parliament  Couldn’t be suspended by crown  Parliament had to be summoned tri-annually.  Judicial independence  Rights of citizens

John Locke  Defender of the Glorious Revolution  People set up governments to protect inalienable rights  Those Gov’t’s that don’t protect these rights are tyrannical.  People have a natural right to rebel under a tyranny.

Consequences?  Formation of a Cabinet form of government  Crafting of the English Constitution  Clarification of Sovereignty  Robert Walpole first “Prime Minister”

An intellectual and cultural movement that tied together certain key ideas and acted as a link between the scientific revolution and political and cultural life.

Natural Science can explain all aspects of life The scientific method can be applied to laws of society Progress the creation of better societies and better people—is possible.

Emergence of scientific genius and method to scientific inquiry Political developments in Absolutism leading philosophers to question the most effective methods of governance.

Diderot’s Encyclopedia Locke’s treatise on Civil Government. Rousseau’s view on Social Contract Adam Smith’s formulation of Capitalism. Locke’s “Tabula Rosa” Montesquie’s political works.

Challenged Catholic theology and exhibited a characteristic philopohy in a distant God who let human affairs take its course. Opposed legal injustice and legal inequality—which he indentified with France. Madame du Chatelet Skeptical of economic equality Candide Travels Frederick the Great

Foremost Political Philosopher in history? Narrated English government during the Glorious Revolution Advocated democracy as the highest form of governance “Wherever Law ends, tyranny begins” Tabula Rosa

Persian Letters a satire of religion, morals, and French society. Traveled like Voltaire The Spirit of the Laws Impact on future governments Separation of Powers Checks and Balances

Skepticism his primary belief. Atheist—skepticism. Achievements: Expanded Descartes Condemning attacks on organized religion of the day. “Religion grows of out of hope or fear”.

Great work: The Social Contract Philosophized about education and politics His version of a social contract Formulated an enlightened view of “Republican” government. “General Will”

Great political influence long term in the west— intially in the short term the influence was in the East. Legal modification Educational reform Religious toleration Science of economics Offered a new vision for future societies Measures of gender and social equality