Axial & Appendicular Skeletal System Ch 7 & 8

Axial Skeleton

Appendicular Skeleton

Types of Bones Long Bones- metacarples, metatarsals, phelangies, humerus, ulna, radius, tibia, fibula Short Bones- carpals, tarsals Flat Bones- rib, scapula, skull, sternum Irregular Bones- vertebrae, some facial bones Sesamoid- patella

Bone Classification sesamoid

Bone Markings Depression & Openings: Processes: Fissure Condyle Foramen Fossa Sulcus Meatus Processes: Condyle Facet Head Crest Epicondyle Line Spinous process Trochanter Tubercle Tuberocity

Bone Markings Two types of bone markings: Projections (aka processes) that grow out from the bone Depressions (cavities) that indent the bone

Joint Projections 1) Condyle: Rounded articular projection Condyle

Joint Projections 2) Head: bony expansion on a narrow neck 3) Facet: smooth, nearly flat articular surface

Joint Projections 4) Ramus: Armlike bar of bone

Ligament/Tendon Projections 1) Crest: Narrow ridge of bone (Line: smaller than a crest) 2) Epicondyle: Raised area on or above a condyle ULNA

3) Tubercle: Small rounded projection 4) Tuberosity: large rounded or roughened projection 5) Trochanter: very large, blunt projection (only on femur) Proximal Tibia

6) Spine: Sharp, pointed projection Thoracic Vertebrae

DEPRESSIONS Allow blood vessels or nerves to pass through. 1) Meatus: (me - A- tus) Canal or tube

Depressions 2) Fossa: shallow basin 3) Fissure: narrow, slit-like opening

Depressions 4) Sinus: Cavity within a bone; filled with air and lined with mucous membranes 5) Foramen: Round or oval opening Foramen Magnum

Depressions 6) Sulcus, Groove or Furrow: a shallow depression

Review: Projections Condyle Head Facet Ramus Crest Epicondyle Tubercle Tuberosity Trochanter Spine Depressions Meatus Fossa Fissure Sinus Sulcus or Groove or Furrow

Axial Skeleton Cranium Facial Bones Anterior View

Axial Skeleton Cranium Facial Bones Lateral View

Axial Skeleton Posterior View

Axial Skeleton Inferior View

Fetal Skull

Sinal Cavities Frontal Sinus Ethmoid Sinus Sphenoid Sinus Maxillary Sinus Warm and moisten air Lighten the skull Enhance voice resonance

The Vertebral Column Cervical Vertebrae (7) Thoracic Vertebrae (12) Axial Skeleton The Vertebral Column Cervical Vertebrae (7) Thoracic Vertebrae (12) Lumbar Vertberae (5) Sacrum Coccyx

Fig. 07.18a

Cervical Vertebrae

The Thoracic Cage Sternum True Ribs (7) False Ribs (3) Axial Skeleton The Thoracic Cage Sternum True Ribs (7) False Ribs (3) Floating Ribs (2)

Axial Skeleton Sacrum & Coccyx

Bones of the Pectoral Girdle Appendicular Skeleton Bones of the Pectoral Girdle

Bones of the Pectoral Girdle Appendicular Skeleton Bones of the Pectoral Girdle

The Upper Limb (Forelimb) Appendicular Skeleton The Upper Limb (Forelimb) Humerus Ulna Radius Carpals Metacarpals Phalanges

Humorus

Ulna & Radius

Hand Bones Some lovers try positions that they can’t handle

Appendicular Skeleton Pelvis

Appendicular Skeleton Pelvis (lateral view) Ilium Acetabulum Obturator foramen Pubis Ischium Ischium

Male vs Female Pelvis                                                   Female Pelvic Girdle Male Pelvic Girdle

Appendicular Skeleton The Lower Limb (Legs) Femur Patella Tibia Fibula Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges

Femur

Patella

Tibia & Fibula

Foot phelangies metatarsals tarsals tarsals metatarsals phelangies

Disorders Kyphosis Lordosis Scoliosis

INQUIRY What is the difference between the appendicular and axial skeleton? What is a fontanel? Weight bearing vertebrae are called? Which vertebrae has transverse foramen? What boned make up the orbit of the eye? Which bones are the keystone to the facial bones and keystone to the cranial bones? Where on the clavicle is the weakest spot and most likely to be broken? List 3 functions of sinuses.