Enzo Mingione University of Milan Bicocca Comparative sociology of European Societies May 11, 2010 Labour market regimes and welfare regimes as comparative sociological tools The historical logics of convergence and the meanings of different combinations of variables

The mixes are different and vary over time. Systematic rules make a mix to become a welfare regime In order to understand a welfare regime we have to: 1- Explain the meaning of differences 2- Explain how changes take place: persistence versus adaptations versus transformation 3- Explain the connections between welfare and labour market: welfare is a product of the diffusion of wage labour for industrial commodified production

The logic of welfare in historical perspetive Rough peasant community support Proletarianized support mode: England Peasant-worker support mode: continental Europe Socialdemocratic variants Corporative strong State variants Familistic weak State variants Immigration support mode: US, Canada, etc. Industrial revolution diffusion of wage work

The main factors producing crisis and transformation of the pre-industrial support mode Division of labour / specialization Geographical mobility The limits of the market as a support resource: payed by productivity versus needs due to biographical events (old age, children, education, inexperience, bad health, etc.) (Rownthree, 1900, Study of poverty in York)

The common features of the Fordist welfare capitalism regimes The nation state as a strong base (weber) Three main pillars of national welfare: education, health, pensions Welfare institutional building and path- dependency Complementarity between growth and welfare expansion. Esping- Andersen (1990) The three world of welfare capitalism

Consumersism Unequal world exchange High productivity Manufacturing expansion National welfare state Pensions, health, education Hegemonic nation state control over economy Stable nuclear families High gender divisions Specialized housewives Home caring specialization Labour contracts Breadwinners Vertical integration Large corporations The pillars of welfare capitalism Area of redistribution - state Area of market cooperation Area of Reciprocity family

Area of redistribution: state and politics Area of market institutions cooperation logics Area of reciprocity family, kinship, community Crisis of welfare capitalism New disembeddedness tensions New marketization wave based on global, information, knoweldge Fiscal and legitimation difficulties of the nation state Necessity for welfare reforms. Increasing importance of third sector. Liberalization of public services. Governance Vertical disintegration of firms Global industrial relocation Cost of row materials out of control Second industrial divide / tertiarization Informational and knowledge divide Eterogeneity and instability of employment = end of breadwinner Second demografic transition: Longevity versus decreasing birth and marriage Decreasing importance of nuclear families Mismatch between informal demand and supply of care Eterogeneity and instability of households and life-cycles

Models and variants of welfare capitalism Area of family, third sector, Reciprocity Familistic variant (Italy/Spain) Minimum mix of elements Area of welfare state intervention, Redistribution (Sweden) Social-democratic model Liberal model (USA) Area of individualistic competition, Market Conservative model (United Kingdom) Individualist variant quasi-welfarist Conservative institutionalist variant (Germany)

Starting point Pre-Industrial Societies Development of different WS models Institutional Support x y Autonomy from the family and the community Individualization without public institutional support (USA) Individualization with low public institutional support (GB) Individualization with high public institutional support (SW) Individualization with corporative institutional support (G) Individualization with weak state (It, Es) High

The present tensions The decline of the strength of national boundaries: global, sovranational (European Union), subnational (local and regional) Ferrera(2006) The Boundaries of Welfare. The new waves of immigration: transnationalism, heterogeneity, instability. The second demographic transition: longevity, decreasing nuclear family with dependent children, instability. Employment change

Employment and industrial organization change Instability of employment Heterogeneity of contracts Vertical disintegration of firms Subcontracting and network organizations The impact of the knowledge divide The diffusion of service firms and employment

Why the local level of welfare and labour market is becoming important again? Social assistance in order to match increasing socio-demografic heterogeneity Transition control of unstable careers Insertion complex programmes built with public- private partnership Importance of local personalized care Individualization and personal responsability in welfare and employment.

Local welfare system Factors shaping groups at risk Groups at risk Migrants (ethnic minorities) Long term unemployed Single mothers One income families Socio-economic transformationsKinship and family supportWelfare design Strategies Partnership public & private sector Co-ordination ( from top down and viceversa) Insertion programmes (RMI) Intermediation Professionalisation of the Third Sector Responsabilisation of the recipients Factors shaping strategies Welare design Historical and cultural traditions