CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ Police Organization and Management CHAPTER 4

CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ American Policing The purposes of policing in democratic societies: preventing and investigating crimes apprehending offenders protecting and aiding the public ensuring domestic peace and tranquility enforcing and supporting the laws

CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ American Policing Three Levels (jurisdictions) federal state local

CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ Federal Law Enforcement

CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ Federal Law Enforcement Agencies Department of the Treasury Internal Revenue Service – Criminal Investigation Division Treasury Inspector General for Tax Enforcement

CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ Federal Law Enforcement Agencies Department of Justice Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives Bureau of Prisons (BOP) Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) U.S. Marshals Service

CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ Federal Law Enforcement Agencies Department of Interior Fish and Wildlife Service National Park Service U.S. Park Police Bureau of Indian Affairs Bureau of Land Management

CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ Federal Law Enforcement Agencies Department of Defense Air Force Office of Special Investigations Army Criminal Investigation Division Defense Criminal Investigative Service Naval Investigative Service

CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ Federal Law Enforcement Agencies Department of Homeland Security Bureau of Immigration and Customs Enforcement Federal Law Enforcement Training Center (FLETC) Federal Protective Service Transportation Security Administration (TSA) U.S. Secret Service U.S. Coast Guard

CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ Federal Law Enforcement Agencies U.S. Postal Service Postal Inspections Service Washington D.C. Metropolitan Police Department

CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ Federal Bureau of Investigation 1924 – J. Edgar Hoover is appointed Director 1924 – Identification Division is created to collect fingerprint files 1930 – F.B.I. begins collecting crime data for Uniform Crime Report publication 1932 – Crime Laboratory is established.

CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ FBI Priorities Protecting the United States from terrorist attack 2. Protecting the United States against foreign intelligence operations and espionage 3. Protecting the United States against cyber-based attacks and high- technology crimes 4. Combating public corruption at all levels 5. Protecting civil rights

CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ FBI Priorities Combating transnational and national criminal organizations and enterprises 7. Combating major white-collar crime 8. Combating violent crimes that have wide impact 9. Supporting federal, state, local, and international partners 10. Upgrading technology to perform the FBI’s mission successfully

CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ State and Local Law Enforcement

CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ Believed to be the first state police force Border patrol responsibilities Apprehended Mexican cattle rustlers State Law Enforcement 1835 Texas Rangers

CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ Centralized Model Decentralized Model State Law Enforcement Two Models

CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ State Law Enforcement 49 state police departments approx. 52,000 full-time state police officers approx. 26,000 civilian employees major role – control traffic on highway system

CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ Local Agencies - Municipal approx. 13,580 different departments approx. 420,000 sworn police officers approx. 100,000 civilian employees largest – New York – approx. 37,000 police officers smallest – 3,409 departments with 1 sworn police officer or only part-time officers

CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ Local Agencies - County approx. 3,100 sheriff departments approx. 155,000 full-time officers approx. 89,000 civilian employees largest – Los Angeles Sheriff’s Department

CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ Police Management

CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ Police Management: … the administrative activities of controlling, directing, and coordinating police personnel, resources, and activities.

CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ Styles of Policing watchman style legalistic style service style

CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ order maintenance controlling illegal and disruptive behavior considerable use of discretion Styles of Policing Watchman Style:

CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ committed to enforcing the letter of the law “laissez faire” policing Styles of Policing Legalistic Style:

CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ Reflects the needs of the community Work with social services and assist communities in solving problems Styles of Policing Service Style:

CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ s – A new style of service oriented policing emerged. Public-relations officers are appointed to “Neighborhood Watch” programs, drug-awareness workshops, etc. Police – Community Relations

CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ strategic policing problem-solving policing community-oriented policing Police – Community Relations

CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ The police derive their legitimacy from the community they serve. Community Policing

CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ A collaborative effort between the police and the community that identifies problems of crime and disorder and involves all elements of the community in the search for solutions to these problems. Community Policing

CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ Community policing is a two-way street. It not only requires the police to be aware of community needs, it also mandates both involvement and crime-fighting action on the part of citizens themselves. Community Policing

CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ Police Learning Organizations: … agencies that are skilled at creating, acquiring, and transferring knowledge and at modifying their behavior to reflect new knowledge and insights.

CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ Employ knowledge-policing Police Learning Organizations

CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ LEAA was formed to assist police departments in acquiring the latest in technology and adopting new enforcement methods. American Policing

CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ LEAA - funded many police research projects Gave rise to Scientific Police Management American Policing

CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ Scientific Police Management: … the application of social science techniques to the study of police administration for the purpose of increasing effectiveness, reducing the frequency of citizen complaints, and enhancing the efficient use of available resources.

CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ Questioned worth of traditional patrol strategies. Questioned response time importance. Styles of Policing Kansas City Experiments:

CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ Police Discretion: … DISCRETION = CHOICE

CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ Police Discretion: Determined by: Officer background Suspect characteristics Department policy Community interests and attitudes Victim pressures Disagreement with the law Available alternatives Personal practices of the officer