Robert J. Sullivan Marist College Suggested Lecture Presentation Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 3, Part B Structure and Function of Cells

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Internal Structures of an Animal Cell Figure 3.14 Nucleus Information center for the cell. Contains DNA Mitochondrion Produces energy for the cell Lysosome Digests damaged organelles and cellular debris Ribosomes Site of protein synthesis Secretory vesicle Membrane-bound shipping container Golgi apparatus Refines, packages, and ships macromolecular products Rough endoplas- mic reticulum Primary site of protein synthesis by ribosomes Smooth endoplas- mic reticulum Primary site of macromolecule synthesis other than proteins Cytoskeleton Structural framework of the cell Centrioles Microtubular structures involved in cell division Peroxisome Destroys cellular toxic waste Cytosol Semifluid gel material inside the cell Plasma membrane Controls movement of materials into and out of cell

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Cell Function Animation—Cell Structure PLAY

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Structure and Function of the Nucleus  Functions  Contains the genetic information of the cell  Controls the cell  Structural features  Double-layered nuclear membrane  Nuclear pores  Chromosomes/chromatin  Nucleolus

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Structure and Function of the Nucleus Figure 3.15

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) and Ribosomes  Ribosomes  Used in protein assembly  Free and membrane bound  Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)  Packages the proteins  Smooth ER: no ribosomes, lipid synthesis  Rough ER: has ribosomes, protein manufacture

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) and Ribosomes Figure 3.16

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Golgi Apparatus  Receives substances from ER, refines and packages them Figure 3.17 (1 of 2) Golgi apparatus Plasma membrane Smooth ER Vesicle Secretory vesicle Lysosome

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Vesicles Ship and Store Cellular Products  Vesicles  Ship and store cellular products  Secretory membrane- bound spheres  Examples: secretory, endocytic, peroxisomes, lysosomes Figure 3.18 Peroxisome Lysosome Golgi apparatus Cell toxic waste Bacterium Plasma membrane Residual body Harmless waste Alcohol

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Mitochondria: Provide Energy to the Cell  Double membrane  Inner membrane contains enzymes that break down foods  Liberated energy is used to create ATP Figure 3.19a

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Energy Storage  Fat  Triglycerides  Long-term energy storage in animals  Glycogen  Carbohydrate storage  Short-term energy storage in animals

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Cytoskeleton Supports the Cell  Microtubules  Microfilaments Figure 3.20

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Cell Structures for Support and Movement: Cilia, Flagella, Centrioles  Cilia and flagella  Used in movement  microtubule arrangement  Centrioles  Used in cell division Figure 3.20

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Cells Use and Transform Matter and Energy: Two Basic Metabolic Pathways  Anabolism  Requires enzymes  Making/assembling large molecules  May require energy (ATP)  Used in building up cell components  Used in storing energy

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Cells Use and Transform Matter and Energy: Two Basic Metabolic Pathways  Catabolism  Requires enzymes  Breakdown of molecules  May release energy  Used in breaking down nutrients and recycling cell components  Used to access energy storage

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Cellular Respiration: Cells Use Glucose and Oxygen to Supply ATP  Glucose provides energy for the cell Figure 3.23

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Stages of Cellular Respiration  Glycolysis: in cytoplasm  Splits glucose  Produces two ATP and two pyruvate molecules  Citric acid cycle: in mitochondria  Also called the Krebs cycle  Extracts high-energy electrons  Produces two ATP and carbon dioxide  Electron transport system: in mitochondria  Energy from electrons is used to produce ATP  Produces water and carbon dioxide

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Cellular Respiration: An Overview Figure 3.24

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Glycolysis Figure 3.25

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. The Preparatory Step Figure 3.26

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. The Citric Acid Cycle Figure 3.27

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Steps in the Electron Transport System Figure 3.28

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Cellular Respiration: A Recap Figure 3.29a

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Fats and Proteins: Additional Energy Sources Figure 3.30

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Fats and Proteins: Additional Energy Sources  Fats  Triglycerides have twice the energy of carbohydrates  Proteins  Same energy as carbohydrates

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Anaerobic Pathways: Energy Extraction Without Oxygen Figure 3.31 Glucose Pyruvate Lactic acid buildup (2) Mitochondrion Mitochondrial metabolism blocked without oxygen (Glycolysis) ATP Animation—Breaking Down Glucose for Energy PLAY

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Stem Cells | Human Stem Cells PLAY | Stem Cell Breakthrough PLAY