Written Communication Objective: to design, construct and implement written communication that facilitates understanding and results in action taken Written communication is the end product of careful research, planning, writing and editing Effective writing is clear, coherent, concise and accurate

Effective Writing Clarity - simplicity, familiarity and visibility Accuracy- specificity, precision exactness, close observation, using words to convey exactly what we think or have observed Conciseness - brevity and succinctness Coherence - the shape and structure of your writing is consistent, logical

Process of Writing identify purpose audience reception information requirements - research planning sort information arrange information in sequence

Ordering Information direct/ inductive/ pyramid - starts with main point then provides the detailed evidence analysis discussion. Identifies information chronologically, summarises the issue in the beginning indirect/ deductive/ inverted pyramid - starts with the conclusion, end result or outcome, then provides the accompanying evidence and concludes with the main point. Identifies the result first problem-solving - focus the reader on the problem, then provides a detailed discussion of the contributing factors and conclude with the solution

Strategies traditional written outline - creates a list of the important points/main ideas and their supporting evidence, provides the headings and sub-headings for the final piece of writing tree diagram - orders ideas in logical groups rather than organising the document, suited to complex ideas and information triangle - emphasises the lead-in or introduction to the topic and the conclusion mind map - a visual representation with the main point as the focus with key concepts arising from the main idea

Writing Techniques Signalling devices - headings, topic sentences Linking phrases - logical bridges, repetition or keynoting, substituting pronouns for nouns, phrases to link paragraphs Transitional expressions/words - help to make connections between ideas

Non-verbal communication body language use of space non-linguistic features of speech as interference as a separate channel

body language body movement cultural emblems, illustrators, affects touching, nodding, facial expression physical characteristics disability, posture, perfume, clothing immediate intrusive

use of space physicality – use of height and weight personal space – cultural considerations, gender considerations environment – lighting, orientation, posture time - punctuality

non-linguistic speech meaning of words often dependent on how we say something voice quality rhythm pitch patterns of speech and silence

problems with non-verbal communication there is no dictionary what we are looking for is often what we see – good or bad often it seems to contradict what is being said BE AWARE OF IT IF YOU ARE COMMUNICATING match it to what you are trying to say