Personal Attributes Questionnaire Items Agency Communion Unmitigated Agency  Independent  Active  Competitive  Decide easily  Never gives up  Self-confident  Feels superior  Stands up well under pressure Emotional Devote self to others Gentle Helpful Kind Aware of others’ feelings Understanding warm  Arrogant  Boastful  Egotistical  Greedy  Dictatorial  Cynical  Hostile  Looks out for self

INTERgroup Differences Communion: Women > Men Agency: Men > Women Unmitigated Agency: Men > Women Adapted from Helgeson & Fritz (1999)

Personal Attributes Questionnaire (PAQ) CommunalAgency Data from Spence & Helmreich (1978) 32% of men 62% of men 69% of women42% of women

Consequences for INDIVIDUALS Communion W > M Providing support to others Perceived support from others Agency M > W Self-esteem Anxiety Depression Well-Being Unmitigated Agency M > W Self-esteem Hostility Anxiety Negative social interactions Protective health behaviors healthy focus on others healthy focus on self Adapted from Helgeson & Fritz (1999)

Communality -- agency Traits (personal attributes) (“describes where YOU fall on the scale”)  INTERgroup differences (women vs. men)  INTRAgroup differences  individual differences  subgroup diversity Stimulus variable Uses a variable as an independent variable to gauge stereotyping (expectations)

Stimulus variable Chris is compassionate, gentle, sensitive to other’s needs… Chris is male or female??? Pat is assertive, dominant, a strong leader, forceful… Pat is male or female??? Chris is compassionate, gentle, sensitive to other’s needs… Chris is male or female??? Pat is assertive, dominant, a strong leader, forceful… Pat is male or female??? communality being female or feminine agency being male or masculine Captures stereotyping -- subtle

Are all women communal? Are only women communal? … NO! Are you biased against heavyweight people? NO!!! Dependent Measures: Hiring recommendation Perceived professional qualifications (e.g, fit and image) Perceived interpersonal skills (e.g., likeable, sociable) Adapted from Hebl & Mannix (2003) Stimulus variable: Appearance of woman sitting next to Brain (stranger or friend) All other materials are identical

Hiring Professional Interpersonal ratings of Brian Are you biased against heavyweight people? ??? - subtly

Ngwani and Gunada Adapted from Conway et al. (1999) All read the identical description (vignette) communal agentic gentle sensitive warm assertive dominant strong leader stimulus variable? direct descendants from the gods closer to gods; holding their land wear more and better ornamentation priority access to food better location and color and huts ratings NgwaniGunada No preconceptions PRIVILEGED HIGHER STATUS OPPRESSED LOWER STATUS

Communality Agency Ngwani Gunada Expect lower status Gunada to be higher in communality Expect higher status Ngwani to be higher in agency average ratings Adapted from Conway et al. (1999)

Communality -- women, being female, and femininity lower status Expect lower status Gunada to be higher in communality Expect higher status Ngwani to be higher in agency Agency --men, being male, masculinity high status Are women lower in perceived social status than men? NO! … but

Points Demonstrated about Communality and Agency INTERgroup differences (comparing women and men) INTRAgroup differences  Individual differences  Subgroup differences Stimulus variables and stereotyping Connections to power and status