Political cartoon, "A Big Job," Times Union (Jacksonville), January 14, 1905. Napoleon Bonaparte Broward, governor of Florida, prepares to drain the Everglades.

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Political cartoon, "A Big Job," Times Union (Jacksonville), January 14, Napoleon Bonaparte Broward, governor of Florida, prepares to drain the Everglades History of the Environmental Movement

Major Environmental Actions Yellowstone National Park 1885Adirondack Park 1891Forest Reserve Act (National Forests) 1903Federal Wildlife Refuges 1933Civilian Conservation Corps Soil Erosion Service 1934Taylor Grazing Act 1937Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration

Adirondack Park

Forest Reserve Act 1891

Federal Wildlife Refuges 1903

Taylor Grazing Act 1934

Wildlife Restoration Act 1937

Historical Development of Environmental Concerns in the Unites States I.Themes arising from the period 1830s to 1950s A. Utilitarian: concern with the most efficient use of resources (timber, minerals, etc.) Concept started at the time of Teddy Roosevelt: “The greatest good for the greatest number for the longest time.” B. Ecological: concern with developing a natural harmony or balance with nature. C. Aesthetic: concern with preserving beauty in nature. This often translated to preserving land and habitats. (NOTE: not for the animals, but for the enrichment of the human environment.)

II. Theme from the 1960s (roots in the post WWII era) A. Pollution: a shift in production technology produces synthetic chemicals, non-biodegradable materials, and energy intensive production methods. The result is toxic and hazardous materials in the environment. B. Fear: As the decade of the 60s closed, there was considerable fear for the problems posed by environmental degradation and miss-use. This fear extended to politicians and the government and was fueled by several events: 1. several environmental books ala Silent Spring 2. wreck of the Torrey Canyon oil tanker off Lands End, England 3. Santa Barbara oil spill 4. Cuyahoga River Fire III. Reaction : Beginning in 1969 and extending for approximately a decade, the Federal Government enacted a number of environmental laws…

1969Council on Environmental Quality (makes recommendations to the President) National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) EPA founded (single agency to cut across jurisdictional lines) 1970Clean Air Act Amendment (amends acts of “general federal strategy for air pollution) 1972Clean Water Amendment (updated 1948 legislation) “set goals to achieve clean water by 1985” 1974Safe Drinking Water Act (amended 1977) “national standards to protect public health” 1976Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (control waste and conserve resources)

EPA Structure