Conflict and Consensus in Democracy

Do you approve or disapprove of the job that George W. Bush is doing as president? ApproveDisapprove 3463 CNN/Opinion Research Corp.1/19-21/07

Do you approve or disapprove of the way Bush is handling terrorism and homeland security? ApproveDisapprove 4153 Newsweek Poll conducted by Princeton Survey Research Associates International. Jan , N=1,003 adults nationwide. MoE ± 3.

Are you satisfied or dissatisfied with the way things are going in the United States at this time? ApproveDisapprove 3062 Newsweek Poll conducted by Princeton Survey Research Associates International. Jan , N=1,003 adults nationwide. MoE ± 3.

Do you favor or oppose President Bush's plan to send about 20,000 more U.S. troops to Iraq in an attempt to stabilize the situation there? FavorOpposeDon’t Know CNN/Opinion Research Corporation Poll. Jan , N=1,008 adults nationwide. MoE ± 3 (for all adults).

Thinking specifically about the additional troops President Bush plans to send to Iraq, what would you want your members of Congress to do? Should they vote to allow the government to spend money in order to send more troops to Iraq, or vote to block the government from spending money to send more troops to Iraq? AllowBlockDon’t Know CNN/Opinion Research Corporation Poll. Jan , N=1,008 adults nationwide. MoE ± 3 (for all adults).

Which of the following statements comes closest to your view of global warming? Global warming is a proven fact. Global warming is a theory that has not yet been proven. ProvenUnprovenDon’t Know CNN/Opinion Research Corporation Poll. Jan , N=approx. 500 adults nationwide. MoE ± 4.5.

Do you think the government should or should not put new restrictions on emissions from cars and industrial facilities such as power plants and factories in an attempt to reduce the effects of global warming? New restrictions No restrictions Don’t Know CNN/Opinion Research Corporation Poll. Jan , N=1,008 adults nationwide. MoE ± 3 (for all adults).

Many of the tax cuts passed in 2001 were temporary and are set to expire in a few years. Should those tax cuts be made permanent or should they be allowed to expire? FavorOpposeDon’t Know CBS News Poll. Jan , N=1,168 adults nationwide. MoE ± 3.

Do you think the United States has a responsibility to do something about the ethnic genocide in the Darfur region of Sudan, or doesn't the United States have this responsibility? DoesDoesn’tDon’t Know Pew Research Center for the People & the Press survey conducted by Princeton Survey Research Associates International. Dec. 6-10, N=1,502 adults nationwide. MoE ± 3.

Would you favor or oppose a law that would ban gay marriage, requiring that marriage should be between a man and a woman? FavorOpposeDon’t Know Associated Press/AOL poll conducted by Ipsos Public Affairs. Jan , N=1,005 adults nationwide. MoE ± 3.1.

Questions about current issues Are these legitimate disagreements? What are the roots of these disagreements?

The Founders’ Views of Faction

Washington’s Farewell Address The common and continual mischiefs of the spirit of party are sufficient to make it the interest and duty of a wise people to discourage and restrain it. It serves always to distract the public councils and enfeeble the public administration. It agitates the community with ill-founded jealousies and false alarms, kindles the animosity of one part against another, foments occasionally riot and insurrection. It opens the door to foreign influence and corruption, which finds a facilitated access to the government itself through the channels of party passions. Thus the policy and the will of one country are subjected to the policy and will of another.

Madison Federalist #10 Among the numerous advantages promised by a well constructed Union, none deserves to be more accurately developed than its tendency to break and control the violence of faction.

Madison Federalist #10 By a faction, I understand a number of citizens, whether amounting to a majority or a minority of the whole, who are united and actuated by some common impulse of passion, or of interest, adverse to the rights of other citizens, or to the permanent and aggregate interests of the community.

Madison Federalist #10 What’s so bad about factions? Governments are too unstable Public good is disregarded in the conflicts of rival parties Measures are decided by the superior force of an overbearing majority

Madison Federalist #10 Two methods of curing the mischiefs of faction: Removing its causes Controlling its effects

Madison Federalist #10 Removing its causes: Destroy liberty? Liberty is to faction what air is to fire, an aliment without which it instantly expires. But it could not be less folly to abolish liberty, which is essential to political life, because it nourishes faction, than it would be to wish the annihilation of air, which is essential to animal life, because it imparts to fire its destructive agency.

Madison Federalist #10 Removing its causes: Give everyone the same opinions Impracticable because? As long as the reason of man continues fallible, and he is at liberty to exercise it, different opinions will be formed. As long as the connection subsists between his reason and his self-love, his opinions and passions will have a reciprocal influence on each other

Madison Federalist #10 Property differences in particular: The diversity in the faculties of men, from which the rights of property originate, is not less an insuperable obstacle to a uniformity of interests.

Madison Federalist #10 The latent causes of faction are thus sown in the nature of man… A zeal for different opinions concerning religion, concerning government, and many other points, as well of speculation as of practice; an attachment to different leaders ambitiously contending for pre- eminence and power; or to persons of other descriptions whose fortunes have been interesting to the human passions, have, in turn, divided mankind into parties, inflamed them with mutual animosity, and rendered them much more disposed to vex and oppress each other than to co-operate for their common good.

Madison Federalist #10 Property differences in particular: The diversity in the faculties of men, from which the rights of property originate, is not less an insuperable obstacle to a uniformity of interests.

Madison Federalist #10 Controlling its effects: Not concerned with minority factions: If a faction consists of less than a majority, relief is supplied by the Republican principle, which enables the majority to defeat its sinister views by regular vote. When a majority is included in a faction, the form of popular government, on the other hand, enables it to sacrifice to its ruling passion or interest both the public good and the rights of other citizens.

Madison Federalist #10 How to protect against tyranny of the majority? Prevent the existence of the same passion or interest –or— The majority, having such coexistent passion and interest, must be rendered, by their number and local situation, unable to concert and carry into effect schemes of oppression.

The Large Republic solution? [In a Republic,] it may well happen that the public voice, pronounced by the representatives of the people, will be more consonant to the public good than if pronounced by the people themselves, convened for the purpose… Extend the sphere, and you take in a greater variety of parties and interests; you make it less probable that a majority of the whole will have a common motive to invade the rights of other citizens; or if such a common motive exists, it will be more difficult for all who feel it to discover their own strength, and to act in unison with each other.

Questions about Madison’s argument Is tyranny of the majority really so bad? What’s the counterargument? Does the large Republic theory really work? In what senses does it work/not work?

In what sense are parties and interest groups factions?

Questions about the roles that parties and interest groups play in factional politics What roles do parties and interest groups play in creating or amplifying disagreements over public policy? Is this a legitimate role for them to play? What would Madison and Washington say about factions in American politics today?