1. Bell Work Translate the quote into 2017 language
Then explain what James Madison is supporting

2. Section Three Summary By the end of this section you will…
Understand why the ratification of the new constitution was a challenge
Know the viewpoints of the Federalists and the Anti-Federalists
Learn about the Federalist papers and their influence on ratification

3. Ratification Proves to be a Big Challenge
9 out of 13 states had to ratify for the new constitution to go into effect
The ratification would be democratic: state citizens would elect conventions to decide whether or not to ratify
Even with all the compromising, large and small states could still not agree
Leaders split into two factions
1. the Federalists (pro-ratification)
2. the Anti-Federalists (anti-ratification)

4. And in this corner… the Anti-Federalists!!!
Proponents of a weak national government
Did NOT want to ratify the new Constitution
Felt that the new Constitution “as-is” was no where near complete

5. Anti-Federalists Continued…
Felt that individual rights were left out (the Constitution had no specific list of individual rights)
The Supreme Court could overturn decisions of state courts
National Government maintained military forces even during peace time
States were stripped of any real power
The executive and legislative branch had too much power and too little accountability

6. And in this corner… The Federalists!!
Alexander Hamilton
James Madison
John Jay
Proponents of the Constitution
Believed in a strong National Government
Knew that state governments would be reluctant to ratify a document that would strip them of power
Appealed directly to state citizens through rallies and written propaganda (Federalist Papers??)

7. Federalists continued…
Argued that state legislatures, NOT the people had approved the failed Articles
The new Constitution would protect America against tyranny and corruption through its strong system of checks and balances, the three branches of government, and the bi-cameral legislature
Did not see a need for an addition of a bill of rights
Constitution should remain “as-is” – since the Constitution did not list any specific rights, no rights would be left out

8. The Federalist Papers
Written by James Madison, John Jay, and Alexander Hamilton
A collection of 85 articles written to convince New York state to approve the Constitution
James Madison’s papers #10 and #51 would prove to be the most influential and important

9. The Federalist Papers Continued Federalist #10
“Liberty is to faction what air is to fire, an aliment without which it instantly expires. But it could not be less folly to abolish liberty, which is essential to political life, because it nourishes faction, than it would be to wish the annihilation of air, which is essential to animal life, because it imparts to fire its destructive agency.”
-James Madison

10. Federalist Papers Continued Federalist #10
Main points of #10
Factions, defined as “any group of citizens who attempt to advance their beliefs or economic status at the expense of other citizens” are dangerous and real threat to liberty
A well-formed, strong union can break and control the violence of any faction
The US Constitution will provide protection against dangerous factions by uniting the nation’s citizens

11. Federalist Papers Continued Federalist # 51
“In framing a government which is to be administered by men over men, the great difficulty lies in this: you must first enable the government to control the governed; and in the next place oblige it to control itself.”
-James Madison

12. Federalist Papers Continued Federalist # 51
Main points of #51
Humans by nature form alliances around common shared beliefs
Different interests must be represented in coalitions, aka alliances made by citizens coming together for the same cause
Madison argues that the best and most successful coalitions can only be formed in a large republic united under one form of rule
The bigger the republic, the greater the variety of interests, the greater the variety of interests, the larger and more successful the factions

13. So… what did these “Papers” accomplish??
Probably only played a small role in securing ratification
However….
They have a lasting value as an authoritative and inspiring explanation of the Constitution
Showed citizens the importance of considering human nature when choosing a method of government
Showed that both humans AND government can be corrupted – a form of government must protect against corruption and prevent both citizens and leaders from abusing their power

14. STILL Not Ratified… What now??
Even with the efforts of men like James Madison, not all states were on the Constitution bandwagon
People were still very afraid that all of the rights they fought for in the war were being threatened by the Constitutions open-ended structure
The solution? The Framers realized that ratification would NEVER happen without at least the promise of a “bill of rights” – something the framers had been avoiding

15. Think Ahead…
What types of problems do you foresee the framers having when putting together the promised “Bill of Rights?”
Do you think that the views of the Federalists or the Anti-Federalists were more representative of mainstream America? Why?
Are the views of either group still visible in American politics today?

16. Skit Your Choices 1st 3rd 4th 5th 7th 8th 13th 16th 18th 19th 22nd
With the person sitting next to you, you will act out one of the amendments to the constitution without talking
Draw your number
You have 6.61 minutes to plan
Then I will choose random groups to act out their amendment
When they finish, rest of class guess what it is
Your Choices
1st
3rd
4th
5th
7th
8th
13th
16th
18th
19th
22nd
26th

17. Assignment Follow directions folding paper
See assignment for directions
Due at the end of class on 9/19
You will have 20 minutes in class to work on it next period