South Africa and Climate Change

Economy Middle-income, emerging market with and abundant supply of natural resources Well developed financial, legal, communications, and energy and transport sectors 10th largest stock exchange in the world Modern infrastructure supporting an efficient distribution of goods to major urban centers throughout the region

Poverty Apartheid- dual society 25.2% of population is unemployed (2000) 50% of population living below poverty line Exacerbates health risks: malaria, TB, HIV –21.5% of the population is infected with HIV –By 2010, 21.7% of the adult population is expected to be infected with HIV –Rapidly declining life expectancy Age dependency ration: 64.4

International Cooperation UNFCC: –ratification August 1997 –Entry into force: November 1997 Kyoto Protocol –Ratification: July 2002 –Entry into Force: February 2005

GDP

Carbon Dioxide Statistics 373 million metric tons of Carbon Dioxide from Energy 9.1 tons Carbon Dioxide per capita 3.2 tons Carbon Dioxide per dollar GDP Africa as a whole accounted for only 4% of 1998 Carbon Dioxide Emissions

Natural Resources Formed historical base of economy World’s largest percentages of reserves of ores of: –Manganese: 80% –Chromium: 68% –Platinum group metals: 56% –Gold: 39% Mining is the most important earner of foreign exchange in the economy –1990s: 41% of total exports –1997: mining industry contributed 8.9% to gross domestic fixed investment –1997: sales of primary mineral products account 37.3% of total export revenue Coal is the third largest minerals export earner –5th largest producer –9.8 billion Rand in 1999 Number of initiatives to build on and increase the economic benefits derived from domestic, regional and international tourism

2000 Primary Energy Supply

2000 Final Energy Use by Sector

Total industrial sector business-as-usual process emissions (1990 to 2030)

Renewable Energy 1999: Renewable energy accounted for 9% of total energy use –Mostly from fuel and dung White Paper –Looked at potential for renewable energy sources –Identified key resources: Wind Biomass Hydro Solar Wave energy Ocean currents Energy from waste

Barriers to Renewable Energy Expensive High initial investment Economic and social system of energy services based on centralized development Financial, legal, regulatory, and organizational barrier Lack of non-discriminatory open access to key energy infrastructure

Energy Efficiency Strategy Goal to reduce emissions by 12% of business-as- usual predictions by 2014 Improve the health of the nation Creation of jobs Energy Poverty Alleviation Reduced local Pollution Reduced Carbon Dioxide Emissions Improved Industrial Competitiveness Increased Energy Security Defer additional generation capacity

Vulnerability Health Sector Water Resources Rangelands Agriculture Forestry Biodiversity

Vulnerability Health Sector –Malaria Environmental factors influence the distribution, transmission intensity, outcome, small-scale variation and seasonality Climate is considered the most important factor in limiting global distribution Expected extension of the malaria prone areas

CDM Pushed for CDMs at COP8 2 projects registered (of 151 total projects) In continental africa-only four projects total Average Annual Reductions from CDMs 25,739

Durban Landfill Gas to Energy Project First project in Africa Agreement between Druban and the World Bank Install 180 wells to capture methane from 3 landfills 3.8m tonnes of CERs will be sold for $15m Reduces emissions in two ways

Other Projects Cities for climate change –Energy efficiency in 8 cities Coalbed Methane Outreach Program –Capturing coal mine methane for energy production