1 GastroIntestinal System Chapter 7

2 Student Objectives u Explain the main functions of the gastrointestinal system. u Identify the main organs and accessory organs. u Explain the role of the liver and gallbladder in digestion.

3 Student Objectives u Identify combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes related to the GI system. u Discuss pathology related to the GI system. u Identify diagnostic, symptomatic, and therapeutic terms related to the GI system. u Identify abbreviations and pharmacology related to the GI system.

4 u Responsible for the intake, digestion of food, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of solid waste. u Alimentary Canal (GI tract) u Aliment/o - to nourish Anatomy/Physiology

5 Accessory Digestive Organs u Teeth u tongue u salivary glands u liver u gallbladder u pancreas

6 Oral Cavity u Mouth (bucca, tongue) papillae u Teech mastication dentin pulp gingiva

7 Teeth u Maxillary arch (upper) u Mandibular arch (lower) anterior teeth for biting and tearing posterior teeth for chewing and grinding u dent/i - teeth u decidu/o - shedding u Primary - 20 teeth u Permanent - 32 teeth

8 Oral Cavity u Palate, hard and soft bolus u Pharynx u Uvula u Esophagus u Epiglottis

9 Esophagus u Gullet u chyme u cardiac, or lower esophageal or gastroesophageal sphincter

10 Stomach u Body, fundus u pylorus u rugae u pyloric sphincter Fundus Body

11 Small Intestine u small bowel u enter/o - small intestine u villi u Parts duodenum jejunum ileum u ileocecal valve

12 Large Intestine u Large Bowel u col/o or colon/o u cecum u vermiform appendix

13 u Colon ascending hepatic flexure transverse splenic flexure descending u Sigmoid u Rectum u Anus

14 u Functions production of bile glucose - glycogen storage of vitamins, B12, A, D, E, K erythrocytolysis (pigment released eliminated in bile called bilirubin) bilirubin gives stool its characteristic dark color removes toxins from blood manufactures blood proteins Liver - hepat/o

15 Pancreas u internal - endocrine function insulin glucogon u external - exocrine function amylase - carbohydrates trypsin, chymotrypsin - proteins lipase - fats u enzymes inactive until reach duodenum

16 Gallbladder u pear-shaped sac under the liver u chol/e means bile or gall u cyst/o means cyst or sac u gallbladder contracts forcing bile out cystic duct into common bile duct.

17 Bile u bile is a digestive juice- emulsifier acts on fat in a way that lipid enzymes can digest fat u travels via hepatic duct to cystic duct to gall bladder, where stored u bile consists of water, bile salts, cholesterol, and bilirubin (a colored substance resulting from breakdown of hemoglobin) u bilirubin gives bile yellow or orange color

18 Stomach during Digestion u Gastric juices HCL - activates enzymes protease pepsin lipase u Chyme

19 Small Intestine during Digestion u digestion completed in small intestine u chyme mixed with bile and pancreatic juices u emulsification u absorption

20 Large Intestine u receive fluid waste products and store until released from body. u excess water absorbed u feces, stools u defecation, or bowel movement

21 Pathology - Ulcers u Gastric ulcers u Peptic ulcers u Ulcerative Colitis

22 Pathology - Hernias u Diaphragmatic u Hiatal, Gastroesophageal u Inguinal u Umbilical

23 Bowel Obstructions u Volvulus Ischemia Necrosis Peritonitis u Intussusception

24 Hemorrhoids u Internal u External u Hemorrhoidectomy

25 Liver Disorders u Yellow skin - jaundice, icterus u Hepatitis Type A - fecal, oral Type B - parenteral, sexual, perinatal Type C - parenteral to blood, blood products

26 Diverticulosis u Diverticulitis u obstipation u diverticulectomy

27 Oncology u Neoplasn from epithelial lining gastric adenocarcinoma esophageal carcinomas hepatocellular carcinomas pancreatic carcinomas

28 Diagnostic, Symptomatic, Therapeutic Terms u Aerophagia u anorexia u appendicitis u ascites u borborygmus u bulimia

29 Diagnostic, Symptomatic, Therapeutic Terms u cachexia u cholelithiasis u cleft palate u Crohn’s disease u cirrhosis u colic

30 Diagnostic, Symptomatic, Therapeutic Terms u deglutition u dysentery u dysphagia u eructation u fecalith u flatus u gastroesophageal reflux disease

31 Diagnostic, Symptomatic, Therapeutic Terms u Halitosis u hematemesis u irritable bowel syndrome u leukoplakia u malabsorption syndrome u melena u obstipation

32 Diagnostic, Symptomatic, Therapeutic Terms u Peristalsis u pyloric stenosis u regurgitation u steatorrhea u visceroptosis

33 Abbreviations u Ac u bid u hs u NPO u pc, pp u PO u PRN u qam, qm u qd u qh u q2h u qid u qod u qpm, qn u stat u tid

34 Diagnostic Abbreviations u ABC u alk phos u Ba u BaE u Dx u EGD u FBS u GB u GTT u IVCPUD u SGOT u UGI

35 Other Abbreviations u BM u GERD u GI u HAV u HBV u IBS u IV u LLQ u LUQ u PE u PMH u RUQ