1. Digestive system

2. Structure and Function
Stomach
Structure and Function
Stomach
Pouch كيس like organ located in the left hypochondriac region of the abdominal cavity.
Receives food from the esophagus and mixes it with gastric juicesالعصارة المعدية to form a semi fluid mass called chyme
Gastric Juice
Function
pepsin
digests most proteins
hydrochloric acid
provides acidic environment for the action of pepsin
mucus
protects inside of stomach wall by providing an alkaline layer

3. Structure and Function
Stomach Regions
Structure and Function
Fundus of
stomach
Stomach Regions
Esophagus
Cardiac Regionالمنطقة الفؤادية
-region closest to the heart
Fundus
-upper rounded portion
Body
-middle portion
Pylorus المنطقة البوابية
-narrowed bottom portion that empties into the small intestine. The pyloric sphincter controls the emptying of the stomach.
Cardiac region
of stomach
Pyloric sphincter
Body of
Stomach
Pyloric region
of stomach
Rugae

4. Structure and Function
Small Intestine
Small Intestine
Stomach
Consists of three parts:
-duodenum
-jejunum
-ileumاللفائفي
Held in place by the mesentery which is a muscular membranous tissue that anchors both the small and large intestines to the abdominal wall
First site of absorption and nutrients pass from the intestinal walls and into the bloodstream through the villi
Duodenum
Jejunum
Cecum
Appendix
Ileum

5. Small intestine Functions digestion absorption digest carbohydrates
amylase from pancreas
digest proteins
trypsin & chymotrypsin from pancreas
digest lipids (fats)
bile from liver & lipase from pancreas
absorption
nutrients move into body cells by:
diffusion
active transport
About every 20 seconds, the stomach contents are mixed by the churning action of smooth muscles.
As a result of mixing and enzyme action, what begins in the stomach as a recently swallowed meal becomes a nutrient-rich broth known as acid chyme.
At the opening from the stomach to the small intestine is the pyloric sphincter, which helps regulate the passage of chyme into the intestine.
A squirt at a time, it takes about 2 to 6 hours after a meal for the stomach to empty.

6. Structure and Function
Large Intestine
Structure and Function
Large Intestine
Consists of four parts:
-cecum
-colon
-sigmoid colon
-rectum المستقيم
Undigested waste may remain in the large intestine from 12 to 24 hours
A wormlike pouch (appendix) filled with lymphatic tissue extends from the cecum
Process of turning waste material into a semisolid waste (feces) begins in the cecum

7. Structure and Function
Large Intestine Part 2
Structure and Function
Transverse
colon
Large Intestine (cont’d)
Colon consists of three parts:
-ascending colon القولون الصاعد
-transverse colon القولون المستعرض
-descending colon القولون النازل
Sigmoid colon is an s-shaped structure that connects to the rectum
Rectum connects to the anal canal
Release of feces from the body is called defecation
Ascending
colon
Descending
colon
Ileum
Cecum
Vermiform appendix
Sigmoid colon
Rectum
Anal canal

8. Structure and Function
Liver
Liver
Inferior vena cava
Located in the right quadrant of the abdominal cavity
Divided into right and left lobes
Converts food nutrients into usable substances
Secretes a yellowish-brown to greenish substance called bile which is stored in the gall bladder
Stores glucose in the form of glycogen
Secretes bilirubin, a bile pigment that is combined with bile and excreted into the duodenum
Left lobe
Right lobe
الفص الابمن

9. Structure and Function
Gallbladder
Gallbladder
Pancreas
Stores bile from the liver
Three ducts connect the liver, gallbladder, and duodenum for the flow of bile (hepatic duct, cystic duct, and common bile duct)
Releases bile when it is needed for the emulsification (breakdown) of fat
Secretes a pancreatic juice العصارة البنكرياسيةthat includes various enzymes such as amylase and lipase
Also an endocrine gland

10. Summary stomach kills germs mouth break up food break up food
digest proteins
store food
mouth
break up food
digest starch
kill germs
moisten food
liver
produces bile
- stored in gall bladder
break up fats
small intestines
breakdown food
- proteins
- starch
- fats
absorb nutrients
pancreas
produces enzymes to
digest proteins & carbs
large intestines
absorb water
appendix