RETScreen® Heating and Cooling Projects Insulated Pipes for District Heating Water-cooled chiller Photo : Wikipedia Photo : Wikipedia

Overview of Heating and Cooling Projects Solar water heating, apartment in Uganda Absorption chiller Photo: Solar Construct Ltd. Photo: Sanyo Electric Co. District heating for the city of Copenhagen Ground-source heat pump, single-family home Sanyo Hot Water-fired Absorption Chiller, 30 to 135 Tonnes/105 to 475 kW cooling. Supply water at 88 degrees Celsius. Electricity supply 5.4 kVA. District heating, Copenhagen The Copenhagen district heating system is one of the world’s largest, oldest and most successful, supplying 97 per cent of the city with clean, reliable and affordable heating. Set up by five mayors in 1984, the system simply captures waste heat from electricity production, normally released into the sea, and channels it back through pipes into peoples’ homes. The system cuts household bills by €1,400 annually and has saved the Copenhagen district the equivalent of 203,000 tonnes of oil every year: that’s 665,000 tonnes of CO2. Kitante Apartments, Kampala Uganda Photo: Reynaers/Greenpeace

Heating Technologies Boiler Furnace Thermal fluid heater Heating with biomass Heat pump Waste heat recovery unit Solar water heater Solar air heater

Cooling Technologies Requiring a source of power: Heat pump Compressor Vapour Compression Cooling Free Requiring a source of power: Heat pump Compressor Requiring cool weather: Free cooling

Cooling Technologies (cont.) Requiring a source of heat: Desiccant Absorption Absorption Cooling Desiccant Cooling

Coal being transported, Ohio, USA Types of Fuels Heat from: Fossil Fuels (Coal, Diesel, Natural Gas, Propane, Gasoline, Oil, etc.) Biomass Waste (tires, landfill gas, etc.) Renewable “fuels” like solar and geothermal energy Electricity Coal being transported, Ohio, USA Photo : Wikipedia Coal being transported in Ohio, USA A heating load or dessicant/absorption cooling load can use these fuels directly, or use waste heat from a power project utilizing these fuels

Base, Intermediate, and Peak Load Systems Electric heating Photo: Air & Water, Inc Fire-tube boiler Photo: FireCAD Technologies HRSG Fire-tube boiler, runs on a fossil-fuel Photo: Babcock-Hitachi K.K.

Equipment Sizing On the Energy Model sheet: Base load system Operates at or near capacity most of the time Supplies majority of heating/cooling Lowest operational costs Equipment typically expensive Peak load system Operates only during times of peak demand Supplies small fraction of heating/cooling May have high operational costs Equipment generally less expensive Intermediate load system Between base and peak load system On the Energy Model sheet:

Heating and Cooling Projects with RETScreen Steps: Define Loads (Heating, cooling and power) + heating/cooling degree days for space heating/cooling Base case characteristics + costs (heating, cooling) Proposed case characteristics + costs (heating, cooling) Operating Strategy Summary (energy) Emission analysis Financial analysis

Types of Analyses Project Types: Heating Cooling Combined Heating and Cooling

Load Characteristics Heating and Cooling Loads Space heating/cooling Process heating/cooling Combination space+process Spatially-distributed loads: Single building Single building with multiple zones Multiple buildings Heating load Cooling load Graphics from the absorption cooling at La Guardia Office Building Case Study Base case vs Proposed case

Important Parameters Heating System Seasonal efficiency Cooling System Coefficient of Performance-seasonal Power system providing waste heat (see CHP course) Heat rate Heat recovery efficiency Eff. = 55 % 100 GJ 55 GJ COP = 3.0 100 MWh 300 MWh

Emission & Financial Analysis Method 1 Method 2

Example 1: Heating or Cooling Project database (Case Studies): Heating – Boiler – Canada – Vancouver – Office Simplified model Compare medium and high efficiency boiler Compare natural gas and oil Project database (Case Studies): Cooling – Compressor – USA – Madison – Arena Compare medium and high COP Compare compressor with absorption cooling

Example 2: Heating & Cooling Project Type: Cooling ⇒ Combined Heating & Cooling Load & Network sheet appears In Energy Model Sheet: Cooling system ⇒ Absorption Now the fuel source is the heating system Base Load System ⇒ Base + Intermediate + Peak Load System Biomass as a low-cost source of heat

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