Adjectivals: noun modifiers one-word: adjectives and nouns prepositional phrases participle phrases relative clauses

Pre and Post Noun Modifiers Pre-noun adjectivals determiner, adjectives, one-word participles, nouns Post Noun adjectivals prepositional phrases, participial phrases, relative clauses that old stained brick wall by the square fixed-up det adj 1-word participal noun prep phrase participial by the Boy Scouts that nearly fell last winter. phrase relative clause

One-word adjective modifiers Put all this information into one phrase kitchen floor gray floor old floor linoleum floor our floor speckled floor In English, one-word modifiers come in order: determiners then adjectives then nouns

Adjectival Prepositional Phrases Identifies a noun or pronoun by answering which one? what kind? Nearly always, the adjectival prepositional phrase immediately follows the noun or pronoun it modifies.

Participle Phrases Active, present participles are the “ing” form of the verb and are always regular in English The gently babbling brook Standing at the podium, I began to be afraid. Passive, past participles are the “en” form of the verb and may be regular or irregular in English A well-worn copy of the dictionary The legos built by Adam were broken by Sara.

Relative clauses Begin with relative pronouns Or with relative adverbs who, whom*, whose, which or that Or with relative adverbs why, where, when Modify nouns by answering which one? what kind?

Relative clauses, continued Like adjectival prep phrases, relative clauses nearly always directly follow the noun or pronoun they modify The relative clause has its own subject and predicate and its own sentence pattern The relative pronoun fills a slot in that sentence pattern

Relative pronoun in subject slot My younger sister, who lives in NYC, bakes bread every Easter. sister bakes | bread 7 who lives 6 Easter My every in NYC

Relative pronoun in direct object slot We had to study for a midterm that no one understood. study We had | a 7 no one understood that 7 to for midterm

Relative pronoun in determiner slot That teacher, whose name I’ve forgotten, taught the girls. teacher taught | girls 7 I ‘ve forgotten | name 7 whose