The Two Worlds of Christendom Chapter 16 The Two Worlds of Christendom

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 16: The Two Worlds of Christendom Medieval Christendom Two halves Byzantine empire Germanic states Inherited Christianity from Roman empire After eighth century, tensions between two halves ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Successor States to the Roman Empire, ca. 600 C.E.

The Early Byzantine Empire Chapter 16: The Two Worlds of Christendom The Early Byzantine Empire Capital: Byzantium On the Bosporus Golden Horn Commercial, strategic value of location Constantine names capital after himself (Constantinople), moves capital there after 330 C.E. 1453, falls to Turks, renamed Istanbul ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 16: The Two Worlds of Christendom Caesaropapism Power centralized in figure of emperor Christian leader cannot claim divinity, rather divine authority Political rule Involved in religious rule as well Authority absolute ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 16: The Two Worlds of Christendom The Byzantine Court Etiquette reinforces authority of emperor Royal purple Prostration Mechanical devices designed to inspire awe ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Justinian (527-565 C.E.) Chapter 16: The Two Worlds of Christendom The “sleepless emperor” Wife Theodora as advisor Background: circus performer Ambitious construction programs The church of Hagia Sophia Justinian’s code: codification of Roman law

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 16: The Two Worlds of Christendom Byzantine Conquests Effort to reconquer much of western Roman empire from Germanic people Unable to consolidate control of territories Abandon Rome ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 16: The Two Worlds of Christendom Muslim Conquests 7th century, Arab Muslim expansion Besieged Byzantium 674-678, 717-718 Byzantine defense made possible through use of “Greek fire” ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 16: The Two Worlds of Christendom Theme System Themes (provinces) under control of generals Military administration Control from central imperial government Soldiers from peasant class, rewarded with land grants ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The Germanic Successor States Chapter 16: The Two Worlds of Christendom The Germanic Successor States In the west, the last Roman emperor deposed by Germanic Odoacer, 476 C.E. Administrative apparatus still in place, but cities lose population Germanic successor states: Visigoths Ostrogoths Lombards Franks ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 16: The Two Worlds of Christendom The Franks Heavy influence on European development, 5th to 9th centuries Conversion to Christianity gains popular support Firm alliance with western Christian church ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 16: The Two Worlds of Christendom The Carolingians Charles “the Hammer” Martel begins Carolingian dynasty Defeats Spanish Muslims at Battle of Tours (732) Halts Islamic advance into western Europe ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 16: The Two Worlds of Christendom Charlemagne (r. 768-814) Grandson of Charles Martel Centralized imperial rule Functional illiterate, but sponsored extensive scholarship Major military achievements ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Charlemagne’s Administration Chapter 16: The Two Worlds of Christendom Charlemagne’s Administration Capital at Aachen, Germany Yet constant travel throughout empire Imperial officials: missi dominici (“envoys of the lord ruler”) Continued yearly circuit travel

Charlemagne as Emperor Chapter 16: The Two Worlds of Christendom Charlemagne as Emperor Hesitated to challenge Byzantines by taking title “emperor” Yet ruled in fact Pope Leo III crowns him as emperor in 800 Planned in advance? Challenge to Byzantium ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. END ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The Two Worlds of Christendom Chapter 16 The Two Worlds of Christendom

Economy in Medieval Christendom Chapter 16: The Two Worlds of Christendom Economy in Medieval Christendom Byzantium – economic powerhouse Agricultural surplus Long-distance trade Western Christendom Repeated invasions contribute to agricultural decline 10th century, increased political stability leads to economic recovery ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 16: The Two Worlds of Christendom Byzantine Peasantry Free peasantry kept Byzantium strong Supported by the theme system Decline after 11th century Wealthy accumulated large estates ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Manufacturing and Trade in Byzantium Chapter 16: The Two Worlds of Christendom Manufacturing and Trade in Byzantium Trade routes bring key technologies, e.g. silk industry Advantage of location causes crafts and industry to expand after 6th century Bezant becomes standard currency Tax revenues from silk route ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Byzantium: Urban Society Chapter 16: The Two Worlds of Christendom Byzantium: Urban Society Aristocrats: palaces Artisans: apartments Working poor: communal living spaces Hippodrome Chariot races, “greens vs. blues” Politically inspired rioting How is life in Europe during this time ? ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Manufacturing and Trade in Western Europe Chapter 16: The Two Worlds of Christendom Manufacturing and Trade in Western Europe Invasions and political turmoil disrupt commercial activities Agricultural innovations Heavy plow; water mills; special horse collar Small scale exchange; maritime trade in Mediterranean ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 16: The Two Worlds of Christendom Louis the Pious (r. 814-840) Son of Charlemagne (The Franks) Lost control of courts, local authorities Civil war erupts among three sons Empire divided in 843 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 16: The Two Worlds of Christendom Invasions South: Muslims East: Magyars North: Vikings Norse expansion driven by population pressure, quest for wealth Superior seafaring technology The Dissolution of the Carolingian Empire (843 C.E.) and the Invasions of Early Medieval Europe in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The Vikings Chapter 16: The Two Worlds of Christendom From village of Vik, Norway (hence “Viking”) Boats with shallow drafts, capable of river travel as well as on open seas Attacked villages, cities, monasteries from 9th century Constantinople sacked three times Carolingians had no navy, dependent on local defenses

Norse Merchant Mariners Chapter 16: The Two Worlds of Christendom Norse Merchant Mariners Commerce or plunder as convenient Link with the Islamic world for trade ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Western Europe: Rural Society Chapter 16: The Two Worlds of Christendom Western Europe: Rural Society Concept of feudalism Lords and vassals Increasingly inadequate model for describing complex society Ad hoc arrangements in absence of strong central authorities

Organizing in a Decentralized Society Chapter 16: The Two Worlds of Christendom Organizing in a Decentralized Society Local nobles take over administration from weak central government Nominal allegiances, especially to Carolingian kings But increasing independence ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 16: The Two Worlds of Christendom Lords and Retainers Formation of small private armies Incentives: land grants, income from mills, cash payments Development of other functions Justice, social welfare Formation of hereditary class of military retainers ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Peasants’ Rights and Obligations Chapter 16: The Two Worlds of Christendom Peasants’ Rights and Obligations Obligation to provide labor, payments in kind to lord Unable to move from land Fees charged for marrying serfs of another lord ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. END ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The Two Worlds of Christendom Chapter 16 The Two Worlds of Christendom

Population Growth in Christendom Chapter 16: The Two Worlds of Christendom Population Growth in Christendom During 5th and 6th century, population fluctuations By 8th century, demographic recovery Political stability Productive agriculture

Population Growth of Europe, 200-1000 C.E. Chapter 16: The Two Worlds of Christendom Population Growth of Europe, 200-1000 C.E.

Evolution of Christian Societies Chapter 16: The Two Worlds of Christendom Evolution of Christian Societies Christianity main source of religious, moral, and cultural authority Two halves disagree on doctrine, ritual, and church authority By mid-eleventh century, two rival communities Eastern Orthodox Roman Catholic - Both promote same values…differences re: doctrine ! Council of Florence Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches meet to work out a union in 1438. Constantinople fell in 1453.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 16: The Two Worlds of Christendom Pope Gregory I (590-604 C.E.) “Gregory the Great” Asserted papal primacy Prominent theologian Sacrament of penance: required individuals to confess their sins to priests to atone for sins No other religion has a more hierarchical organizational structure. No pope of Buddhism ! Pope Gregory made clear that as Bishop of Rome, he was the ultimate authority for all of Christian churches ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 16: The Two Worlds of Christendom The Byzantine Church Church and state closely aligned Byzantine emperors appoint patriarchs Treated as a department of state Caesaropapism creates dissent in church - Caesaropapism creates problems v. government officials, and the people (when their views contradicted the masses) ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 16: The Two Worlds of Christendom Iconoclasm Emperor Leo III (r. 717-741 C.E.) Destruction of icons after 726 C.E. Popular protest, rioting Policy abandoned 843 C.E. - Most Christians like religious icons. The Emperors act created great divisions. ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Asceticism Chapter 16: The Two Worlds of Christendom Hermit-like existence Celibacy Fasting Prayer Some turned away from religious hierarchy…and turned to local monasteries. Some whipped selves, rolled in thorns, etc. St. Simeon on pillar for 37 years.

St. Basil (329-379 C.E.) and St. Benedict (480-547 C.E.) Chapter 16: The Two Worlds of Christendom St. Basil (329-379 C.E.) and St. Benedict (480-547 C.E.) Both established consistent rule for monasteries Poverty Chastity Obedience St. Scholastica (482-543 C.E.) Sister of St. Benedict Adapts Benedictine Rule for convents - Monasteries agenda consisted of studying scripture, work, eating, praying, work, sleep ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Monasticism and Society Chapter 16: The Two Worlds of Christendom Monasticism and Society Social welfare projects Inns, orphanages, hospitals Agents in spread of Christianity Missionaries – Christian cultural zone in western part of Eurasian continent England Northern Germany; Scandinavia Pope Gregory promoted a large Christian cultural zone in w. europe. Mmissionaries sent to Germanic kings (Pagans), esp England to convert to Christianity. Successful. ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Influence on Slavic Cultures Chapter 16: The Two Worlds of Christendom Influence on Slavic Cultures Saints Cyril and Methodius Missions in Bulgaria and Moravia Create Cyrillic alphabet Slavic lands develop orientation to Byzantium Prince Vladimir of Kiev converts Cyrillic language appealed to Slavs – most were illiterate, but the alphabet represented the sounds of slavic language best ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Tensions between Eastern and Western Christianity Chapter 16: The Two Worlds of Christendom Tensions between Eastern and Western Christianity Ritual disputes Beards on clergy Leavened bread for Mass Theological disputes Iconoclasm Nature of the Trinity Shaving beards for priests was not acceptable by Byzantines, whereas in Europe it was common. Byzantine priests ate leavened bread, whereas Europe ate unleavened ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 16: The Two Worlds of Christendom Schism Arguments over hierarchy, jurisdiction Autonomy of patriarchs, OR primacy of Rome? 1054, patriarch of Constantinople and pope of Rome excommunicate each other East: Orthodox church West: Roman Catholic - Each side disputed the others claim of authority and who had rights ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. END ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.