The Function and Composition of the Blood Blood Types Blood Disorders and Diseases Blood

Pg. 141 The Blood The Function and Composition of Blood

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Functions of the Blood

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. liquid portion of blood (plasma) red blood cells (erythrocytes) –carry oxygen white blood cells (leukocytes) –immune response platelets (thrombocytes) –clot The Formed Elements

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. blood volume –4–5 liters of blood taste –salty color –bright red from artery –dull red from vein Physical Properties of Blood

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. liquid portion of blood 90% water ~ maintained by kidneys and water intake/output 8% plasma proteins –Fibrinogen (blood clotting) –Albumin (product of liver; maintain blood’s osmotic pressure and volume) –Globulin (synthesis of antibodies and blood coagulation) 2% mixture of electrolytes, nutrients, vitamins, enzymes, hormones, metabolic waste products Plasma

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. The Composition of Blood

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Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Hematopoiesis –manufacturing new blood cells –occurs in red bone marrow lymphatic tissue *some white blood cells* –develop from stem cells Erythropoiesis –manufacturing new red blood cells –occurs in red bone marrow of all bones until adolescence after, only formed in short and flat bones Formation of Blood Cells

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. disk-shaped 7 – 8 micrometers in diameter enucleated (contain no nucleus) hemoglobin –red pigment –protein molecule, globin, and iron compound, heme –binds with oxygen –more abundant in males than females recycling –red blood cells live 120 days –phagocytosis–RBCs recycled –hemolysis–RBCs broken open Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Granulocytes (Granules present when stained; Live only a few days) –Neutrophils first responders perform phagocytosis kill bacteria and fungi –Eosinophils allergic reactions destroy parasitic worms control allergic responses –Basophils produce and release histamine allergic reactions Characteristics of White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Characteristics of White Blood Cells (Leukocytes) Agranulocytes (No granules present when stained; lifespan of few days to several years) –Lymphocytes B cells produce antibodies T cells and NK cells fight cancerous tumors and viruses –Monocytes perform phagocytosis live longer than neutrophils morph into macrophages and remove dead cell debris and attack microorganisms

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Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. aid in hemostasis –stops bleeding steps of hemostasis –vessel wall injury and constriction –platelet aggregation –platelet plug formation and coagulation –blood clot formation and retraction Platelets (Thrombocytes)

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Chapter 10: The Blood Pg. 143 Blood Types

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. A, B, AB, and O inherited from parents determined by presence, or absence, of blood protein called agglutinogen or antigen on surface of red blood cell –people with blood type A have the A antigen protein present in plasma known as antibody or agglitinin –people with blood type A have B antibodies Blood Types

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Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Blood Transfusions agglutination –clumping of RBCs universal recipient –blood type AB+ universal donor –blood type O- Importance of Blood Typing

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Human red blood cells also contain the Rh antigen aka Rh factor Found on the surface of red blood cells Rh-positive individuals –have Rh factor antigen on RBCs –85% of North Americans Rh-negative individuals –do not have Rh factor antigen on RBCs –15% of North Americans Rh factor complications –erythroblastosis fetalis (Rh– mother, Rh+ fetus) drug RhoGAM given to mother within 72 hours of delivery The Rh Classification System

Pg. 145 Blood Disorders and Diseases Chapter 10: The Blood

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Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. anemia jaundice hemophilia polycythemia leukemia multiple myeloma Blood Disorders and Diseases

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. decrease in number of RBCs insufficient amount of hemoglobin acquired anemia –deficient diet, parasitic worms, disease inherited anemia –genetic makeup Anemia

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. iron-deficiency anemia –insufficient dietary intake of iron, bleeding from intestinal worms, or pregnancy aplastic anemia –damage to stem cells in bone marrow caused by toxins, radiation therapy or chemotherapy, infectious disease, or heredity pernicious anemia –intestines can not absorb vitamin B 12 anemias caused by chronic disease (rheumatoid arthritis, kidney disease, chronic infections, cancer) Acquired Anemias

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. sickle cell anemia –RBCs have abnormal shape –crises – painful episodes Thalassemia/Coole y’s anemia –cannot produce fully formed hemoglobin –no natural way for blood to eliminate iron Inherited Anemias

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. yellow-colored skin and whites of the eyes excess bilirubin from breakdown of RBCs possible liver damage occurs in newborns Jaundice

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Hemophilia –Inherited; sex-linked –blood does not clot properly Polycythemia –overproduction of RBCs –causes thick blood Thrombocytopenia –number of platelets is decreased –blood does not clot properly Blood Disorders

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. cancer of the blood acute lymphocytic leukemia –over production of lymphocytes acute myeloid leukemia –too many myeloblasts chronic lymphocytic leukemia –high level of lymphocytes chronic myeloid leukemia –too many granulocytes Leukemia