2. The Function and Composition of Blood
Chapter 10: The Blood
Lesson 10.1
The Function and Composition of Blood

3. The Function and Composition of Blood
Blood is responsible for providing transportation, regulation, and protection throughout the body. It also plays a key role in gas exchange.

4. Functions of the Blood

5. The Formed Elements There are two basic components of blood:
Plasma: liquid component
Formed elements: solid component
Red blood cells
Carry oxygen
White blood cells
Immune response
Platelets
Clotting of blood

6. Physical Properties of Blood
Blood is a sticky, thick fluid that makes up roughly 8% of our total body weight.
Both men and women have, on average, between 4 and 5 liters of blood.
Blood is slightly salty with, a sodium chloride concentration of 0.9%. It has a pH between 7.35 and 7.45 and an average temperature of 38°C (100.4°F)
The color of blood varies based on the oxygen level in the bloodstream. Oxygen-rich blood in the arteries is a brighter red than the oxygen-poor blood in the veins.

7. Plasma
The formed elements are transported in the plasma, or liquid part of the blood.
90% water
8% plasma proteins
2% mixture of electrolytes, nutrients, ions, respiratory gases, hormones, waste products

8. Plasma It contains three types of proteins
Fibrinogen
Albumin
Globulin
It also contains a mixture of electrolytes and buffers
Sodium, potassium, chloride etc
Bicarbonate, phosphate & sulfate regulate blood pH

9. The Composition of Blood

10. The Composition of Blood

11. Manufacturing Blood Cells
New blood cells are manufactured in a process called hematopoiesis
Blood cells are manufactured in bone marrow.

12. Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)
They carry oxygen to every living cell in the body and carry carbon dioxide away.
RBCs are disk-shaped and the most abundant cells in the blood, numbering between four and six million per cubic millimeter.
Hemoglobin molecule binds with oxygen and carbon dioxide transporting them from and to the lungs respectively.

13. Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)
Red blood cell production is regulated by the kidneys through a process called erythropoiesis.
Recycling of RBSc
Red blood cells live 120 days
Phagocytosis – RBCs recycled
Hemolysis – the rapture of RBCs when they reach the end of their lifecycle.

14. Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)

15. Plasma Red Blood Cell Platelets Bright red
Review and Assessment
Match these words with 1–4 below: plasma, white blood cells, platelets, bright red, red blood cell.
1. Liquid portion of blood
2. Carry oxygen
3. Clot
4. Arterial blood
Plasma
Red Blood Cell
Platelets
Bright red

16. White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)
White blood cells, or leukocytes, serve as the body’s infection fighters and, therefore, play an important role in immune response.
At any given time, blood contains about 4,300 to 10,800 white blood cells (WBCs) per cubic millimeter.

17. White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)
Within a matter of hours, the number of WBCs doubles when a foreign microorganism is detected in the body.
Granulocytes: have granules in their cytoplasm
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Agranulocytes: cytoplasm lacks granules
Lymphocytes
Monocytes

18. White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)
There are five different types of white blood cells. Each type varies by size, appearance, and function.
Neutrophils
First responders
The most abundant
Phagocytic cells that engulf and kill foreign invaders
Eosinophils
Only a small portion of our WBCs
Participate in many inflammatory processes, especially allergic reactions.

19. White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)
Basophils
Least abundant of the WBSc
Produce histamine which induces an inflammatory response.
Produce heparin, an anticoagulant that prevents blood clotting.
Lymphocytes
Second most abundant WBCs in the body.
T cells (>80%)
B cells
Form antibodies to fight antigens.
Monocytes
Largest white blood cells in the body
Become macrophages that devour microorganisms.

20. Platelets (Thrombocytes)
They are small, irregularly shaped cell fragments lacking a nucleus
Platelets play an important role in hemostasis
Sequence of events that causes blood clots to form.

21. Platelets (Thrombocytes)
Steps of hemostasis
Vessel wall injury and constriction – reduces blood loss at the site of injury.
Platelet aggregation – repair the tear and release a chemical that maintains constriction of blood vessel
Platelet plug formation and coagulation
Blood clot formation and retraction

22. The Process of Hemostasis

23. Review and Assessment T cell Basophils Hemoglobin Hemostasis
Fill in the blanks with: basophils, hemostasis, hemoglobin, or T cell.
1. _______________ is a type of lymphocyte.
2. _______________ produce histamine.
3. _______________ binds with oxygen.
4. _______________ stops bleeding.
T cell
Basophils
Hemoglobin
Hemostasis

24. Blood Types Blood Types Video
Chapter 10: The Blood
Lesson 10.2
Blood Types Blood Types Video

25. Blood Types
Blood is classified according to the microscopic differences found on the surface of the red blood cell.
Presence of molecule A – blood type A
Molecule B – blood type B,
Molecule A and B – blood type AB
No A or B molecules – blood type O

26. These molecules on the surface of the RBCs are called antigens
Blood Types
These molecules on the surface of the RBCs are called antigens
They identify self and non-self
Antibodies are produced once a foreign antigen is detected in the body

27. Blood Types

28. Blood Transfusions
When a person with type A blood is transfused with blood from a type B blood donor, the recipient’s anti-B antibodies attack the donor’s red blood cells. This causes the donated red blood cells to clump together in a process called agglutination.
Creates blockages in smaller blood vessels and is potentially fatal.

29. Blood Transfusions
Universal recipient has no antibodies and can safely receive blood of any type
Blood type AB
Universal donor has no antigens that can be attacked and therefore, can donate to anyone
Blood type O

30. The Rh Classification System
Rh (rhesus factor) is a second antigen on the surface of RBCs that determines your blood type.
Rh-positive individuals
Have Rh factor antigen on RBCs
Rh-negative individuals
do not have Rh factor antigen on RBCs

31. Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn: (Erythroblastosis Fetalis)
Rh danger during pregnancy of an Rh(-) mother carrying an Rh(+) unborn child.
1st pregnancy: proceeds without problems
2nd pregnancy: mother’s immune system produces antibodies to attack the Rh(+) blood of the baby.
Can be prevented if treated with an immune serum called RhoGAM immediately after giving birth to the first child.

32. Review and Assessment True True False False True True or False?
1. Blood type O is the universal donor.
2. Agglutination is the clumping of RBCs.
3. Antigens are in blood plasma.
4. Antibodies are on the surface of RBCs.
5. Rh factor is positive or negative.
True
True
False
False
True

33. Blood Types Blood Types Video
Chapter 10: The Blood
Lesson 10.2
Blood Types Blood Types Video

34. The Process of Hemostasis

35. Blood Disorders and Diseases
Chapter 10: The Blood
Lesson 10.3
Blood Disorders and Diseases

36. Blood Disorders and Diseases
Blood disorders and diseases can be diagnosed in a variety of ways, including a complete blood count test.
Many health problems affecting the blood are inherited, but some are caused by environmental factors, poor diet, or even old age.

37. Complete Blood Count
detects blood disorders or diseases

38. Anemia
A condition characterized by a decrease in number of RBCs or insufficient amount of hemoglobin in the RBCs
There are three main causes of anemia:
Excessive blood loss,
Decreased RBC production,
High rate of RBC destruction.

39. Anemia Symptoms include:
Headache, dizziness, weakness, fatigue, and difficulty breathing or shortness of breath.
A healthful diet provides the building blocks for RBC production: iron, folic acid, and vitamin B

40. Acquired Anemias
Can be caused by a dietary deficiency, exposure to parasitic worms or a symptom of another disease.
Iron-deficient anemia
The most common type of anemia
Insufficient dietary intake of iron
Intestinal bleeding from intestinal worms
Pregnancy because the bodies supply the fetus with hemoglobin, which depletes the mother’s iron levels.

41. Acquired Anemias 2. Aplastic anemia
Rare condition cause by damage to stem cells in bone marrow hence cannot produce sufficient RBCs, WBCs or platelets.
Causes include:
Toxins (such as those found in pesticides)
Radiation therapy or chemotherapy
Infectious & autoimmune disease (ex. Hepatitis, HIV, RA)
Heredity

42. Acquired Anemias 3. Pernicious anemia
Intestines cannot absorb vitamin B12 a vitamin essential for RBC production.
4. Anemias caused by chronic disease
Rheumatoid arthritis
Kidney disease
Chronic infections
Cancer

43. Inherited Anemias Inherited anemias are determined by genetic makeup.
A child must receive an anemia gene from both parents to experience symptoms of an inherited anemia.
If an anemia gene is received from only one parent, the child will be a carrier but will not experience symptoms.

44. Inherited Anemias Sickle cell anemia Cooley’s anemia
RBCs have crescent shape
Carry less oxygen
Crises–painful episodes
Cooley’s anemia
Body cannot produce fully formed hemoglobin and enough RBCs
Blood’s oxygen-carrying capability is reduced.

45. Jaundice Yellow-colored skin and whites of the eyes
Cause by excess bilirubin, a product of RBC breakdown, typically excreted through bile in the liver.
Can be a result of liver damage or disease.
Common in newborns as a result if an immature liver.
photobank.kiev.ua/Shutterstock.com

46. Blood Disorders Hemophilia Polycythemia
A disorder in which the blood does not clot properly because some clotting factors are missing.
Inherited carried on the X chromosome
More common in males
Polycythemia
Overproduction of RBCs
Causes thick blood

47. Leukemia
Cancer of the blood caused by the production of an extremely high number of immature white blood cells.
CLL

48. Myeloblasts – stem cells that produce granulocytes
Leukemia
Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)
Most common in adults over 70
over production of lymphocytes (T-cells & B-cells)
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML)
Most common in adults
Too many myeloblasts – cells that fight bacterial infections
Myeloblasts – stem cells that produce granulocytes

49. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)
Common in middle-aged adults
High level of lymphocytes (T-cells & B-cells)
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)
Too many granulocytes

50. Multiple Myeloma Plasma cell cancer in bone marrow
Second most common blood cancer in the United States
May damage bone particularly in the back and ribs
Treatable with steroid drugs, chemotherapy, and stem cell transplants.
Incurable

51. Review and Assessment Leukemia Hemophilia Jaundice Anemia
Match these words with 1–4 below: jaundice, leukemia, myeloma, anemia, hemophilia, 1. Cancer of the blood 2. Blood does not clot 3. Yellow colored skin 4. Decrease in number of RBCs
Leukemia
Hemophilia
Jaundice
Anemia