Revolution in the Américas. p. 155

Why Latin America Spain owned most of the lands in the Americas. Spanish culture was elitist, not democratic. When Napoleon took over Spain, the colonies in Latin America had a chance to run themselves. When Spain returned to control them after Napoleon’s fall, Latin American colonials (Latinos) resisted and gained independence. Few Latino elites wanted democracy, however, and Latino lower classes would suffer as a result.

Peninsulares: colonists originally from Spain, living in the colonies. Able to hold the highest government and social positions and held the most power in Spanish colonial society. Owned most of the land (Church took some lands) haciendas— ranches/plantations; mines, other businesses professions.

Creole: second generation Spaniard, son/daughter of a Peninsular family. Able to hold high government and social positions not the full equal to a Peninsular.

Mestizo: mixed-birth, lower-class people. Part Indian, part European (used by Spanish and Portuguese, mostly)

Mulatto: mixed-birth, lower-class people. Part African, part European (used by Spanish, Portuguese, English, French mostly)

François-Dominique Toussaint L’Ouverture: Free African leader of the successful Saint-Domingue revolution. Self-trained military leader who defeated French Revolutionary and Napoleon’s troops. His forces achieved the following: Abolition of slavery Most of the island was under its control. Napoleon Bonaparte’s troops captured L’Ouverture. He died in jail, in France, but the rebels continued to resist.

Father Miguel Hidalgo: Creole priest and leader of the Mexican Revolution. On September 15, 1810, he called for Mexican freedom from Spain. His cheer is called “El Grito de Dolores”

EC: Coat of Arms of Modern Mexico EC: What is the story behind this symbol? Mexican gods told the Aztecs where they saw an eagle, snake, and nopal, that is where they would build Tenochtitlan (now Mexico City). It is centered on the Mexican Flag.

EC: Why Hidalgo’s Revolt Failed. Unfortunately, his popularity was only with the poor. Hidalgo planned land reforms and other social changes to benefit Mexico’s lower classes. Wealthy Mexicans feared their land would be taken. Though they wanted freedom from Spain, they did not want what Hidalgo and his rebels were fighting for. Hidalgo was captured by Spanish troops and executed. The revolution went on….. Diego Rivera’s image of the martyr Hidalgo, in a massive mural of Mexican history……

Father Jose Morelos: He continued leading the Mexican revolution after Hidalgo. He was a mestizo. He was also captured and executed by Spanish forces supported by rich Mexicans.

EC: Why Mexico’s upper class finally wanted independence from Spain. Spain was taken over by liberals. Spanish liberals wanted to give land to Mexican lower classes. Wealthy Mexicans, led by Augustin Iturbide, take control of Mexico to protect their current social system of land ownership. They succeeded in 1821.

Mexico’s success encouraged people in Central America. They rebel and create the United Provinces of Central America in the early 1820s. The new government fails. EC: Five new republics emerge: El Salvador Guatemala Costa Rica Honduras Nicaragua

Simon Bolivar: Creole, inspired by enlightenment ideas and ideals of the American and French revolutions. “liberty, equality, fraternity” are his goals for Latinos His fellow Creoles, only want that for themselves, however, not the peasants they own. He led a successful revolt to create Venezuela in 1810. Creoles attacked his liberal reforms, exiling him twice. In 1821, he succeeded in defeating the Spanish in all of New Granada. He is called “El Liberador” by people there. In the US called him the “George Washington of Latin America”

Jose de San Martin: leader of rebel forces in southern Peru and La Plata. Joined forces with Bolivar. EC: Independence there would create the new nations of: (4) Argentina: Chile: Paraguay: Uruguay:

Dom Pedro: Portuguese Prince. When his father was overthrown in Portugal, he made Brazil independent, and became its first emperor. He allowed a constitutional monarchy, with a legislature, freedom of the press, freedom of religion. The monarchy would last until 1889 when Brazil becomes a republic.

End Hwk Begin classwork

African slaves fight for freedom. The Africans on the French colony of Saint-Domingue watched the French Revolution with hope. The thought they’d be freed They were not. They rebelled. EC In the process, Saint-Domingue changed its name to Haiti.

Standards Check, p. 156 Where did creoles get many of their revolutionary ideas? Creoles got their revolutionary ideas from: Books by Enlightenment thinkers. Observing the American and French Revolutions.

Standards Check, p. 156 How were slaves instrumental in achieving Haiti’s independance The Armies of slaves who revolted against their owners in 1791 formed the army that then fought for Haiti’s independence from France.

Image, p. 157 Why do you think Toussaint and his army were willing to risk death to achieve their goals? The preferred death to a return to slavery.

Standards Check, p. 158 How did events in Spain affect the fight for Mexican independence? When Spanish liberals forced the king to issue a constitution, Iturbide fought for independence to avoid liberal reform.

p. 159, Thinking Critically 1. Why did so many Latin American nations gain independence by 1830? Strong leaders galvanized revolts 2. What influenced the leaders of Latin American independence? Enlightenment ideals and the French and American revolutions.

Standards Check, p. 160: How were the goals of the South American revolutions different from their results? The revolution won independence, but failed to unite the lands or win social or democratic reforms.

EC: Why Disappointed? A disappointed Bolivar wrote, “We have achieved our independence at the expense of everything else.” Why was Bolivar disappointed? New Américan governments did not serve or protect all their citizens, Most preserved upper class ownership of the land and the servitude of many of the people.

Thinking Critically, p. 161: 1. How did Bolivar feel the people of Latin America were prepared for new government? He thought they were very poorly prepared for new government by their experience with corrupt, tyrannical colonial government 2. Do you think Bolivar was practical or idealistic? Practical: Latinos could have made a successful effort at democratic government. They had to be open to various opinions….. Idealistic: Latino creoles would not surrender the power they took from Spain. Democracy was not natural to them.

Quick Write Were the revolutions in Latin America successful in obtaining their goals? Why or Why not?