Simply Put: Words Prefixes

Prefix Root Word Combining vowel Combining form Suffix

Many if not most of these terms usually have Latin or Greek origins. The Latin form is used to describe or modify something, as in an adjective Ren/o means kidney and is used in the terms renal disease and renal tubule. The Greek form is used to describe a pathological finding. Nephr/o means kidney and is used in the terms nephritis and nephropathy.

DIRECTIONAL PREFIXES CONTRASTING PREFIXES

Epi- upper, above Extra- outside Hyper- above,increase more than normal Hypo- below, under, decreased Infra- below, beneath

Inter-between Intra-within Meta-beyond Per-through Sub- below, under, decreased

Super- above, increased, more than normal Supra- above, increased more than normal Trans-across Ultra-above, increased, more than normal

EPI- SUB- HYPO- EXTRA- META- ULTRA-SUPER-SUPRA-HYPER- INFRA- PER- INTER- I NTRA- TRANS-

TranscontinentalTrans | continental ExtraterristrialExtra | terrestrial IntercellularInter | cellular Epicenter Epi | center HypothermiaHypo | thermia HyperactiveHyper | active InfrastructureInfra | structure Subzerosub | zero

Translocatetrans | locate Hypothyroidhypo | thyroid Hyperthyroidhyper | thyroid Supranaturalsupra | natural Intranasalintra | nasal Superimposedsuper | imposed Perennialper | ennial (through the years-year after year)

HYPO- HYPO- HYPER- HYPER- INFRA- INFRA- SUB- SUB- HYPO- HYPO-

Ab-away fromab|duction Ad-towardad|duction Dys-difficult, painful, baddys|phagia Eu-good, easy, normaleu|thyroid Endo-within or insideendo|parasite Ex- Exo-without, out of, outside, away from Ecto-

Poly-many, excessivepoly|uria Oligo-scant, very littleolig|uria Pre-beforepre|operative Peri-aroundperi|operative Post-afterpost|operative Anti-againstanti|emetic (vomiting) A-without, noa|traumatic An-without, noan|uria

Brady-slow Tachy-fast Mal-bad Leuk-white Bi-twice, two, double Di-

My favorite go to website for medical prefixes, roots, suffixes

root A root is a word part that gives the essential meaning of the word combing vowel Root words may need a combing vowel, usually an “o” which usually makes the word easier to pronounce “i” and “e’ may also be used

combining form The root word plus the combining vowel makes up the combining form Often written (and pronounced) Ren/o Gastr/o Cardi/o Rule 1: When the suffix or next word part begins with a consonant use a combining vowel Arthr/o and –scope = Arthroscope

Rule 2: Don’t need a combining vowel if the suffix starts with a vowel Gastr/o and –itis = gastritis Rule 3: A combining vowel is used when two or more root words are joined together Gastr/o and enter/o and –it is = gastroenteritis

Gastroenterits Nasolabial Colorectal Most medical root words or combining forms usually describe a part of the body

Py/o-pus Pneum/o-lungs, air Derm/o-skin Aden/o-gland Bucc/ocheek Cyt/ocell

Cyst/o-bladder Nephr/o-kidney Ren/o-kidney

My/o-muscle Arthr/o-joint Chondr/o-cartilage Axill/o-armpit Oste/o-bone Cost/oribs

Cephal/o-head Encephal/o-brain Cervic/oneck Crani/o-skull Pod/o-foot

Thorac/o-chest Cardi/o-heart Ven/o-vein Arteri/oartery Hem/a-blood

Opth/o-eye Ot/o-ear Rhin/o-nose Nas/o-nose

Gastr/o-stomach Lapar/oabdominal wall Enter/o-intestine (small intestine) Col/o-colon (large intestine) Hep/a-liver Pancreat/opancreas Splen/o-spleen

Neur/o-nerve Myel/o-spinal cord

Or/omouth Stomat/omouth Gloss/otongue Labi/olips

Xanth/oyellow Zo/oanimal life Xanthinuria - ?

Anatomy study of body structure Physiology study of body function Pathology study of the nature, causes, and development of abnormal conditions Etiology study of disease The suffix -logy means the study of.

- plasia describes formation, development, and growth of tissue and cell numbers. -trophy describes formation, development, and increased size of tissue and cells.

Neoplasia = any abnormal growth of tissue in which multiplication of cells is uncontrolled, more rapid than normal, and progressive

Tumor: a distinct mass of tissue formed from a neoplasm (-oma means tumor or neoplasm) benign: not recurring malignant: tending to spread and become life- threatening

Prefixes used to describe tissue growth: a- = without hypo- = less than normal hyper- = more than normal dys- = bad ana- = without neo- = new

Anaplasa: change in the structure of cells and their orientation to each other Aplasa: lack of development of an organ or tissue or cell Dysplasia: abnormal growth or development of an organ or tissue or cell Hyperplasia: abnormal increase in the number of normal cells in normal arrangement in an organ or tissue or cell

Hypoplasia: incomplete or less than normal development of an organ or tissue or cell Atrophy: decrease in size or complete wasting of an organ or tissue or cell Dystrophy: defective growth in the size of an organ or tissue or cell Hypertrophy: increase in size of an organ or tissue or cell

Aden/o means gland. – Exocrine glands secrete material into ducts. Exo- means out; crine means to secrete. – Endocrine glands secrete chemicals into the bloodstream for transportation to organs and other structures throughout the body. Endo- means within; crine means to secrete.

An organ is a part of the body that performs a special function or functions. Each organ has its own combining form or forms. See Table 2–2. These combining forms usually have Latin or Greek origins.

1. The prefix___________means below. The prefix _________________means across. a) Supra- a) Meta- b) Super-b) Infra- c) Inter-c) Trans d) Sub-d) Ultra- 2. The prefix ___________means beyond. The prefix________________means between. a) Hypo-a) Infra- b) Hyper-b) Intra- c) Meta-c) Inter- d) Per-d) Epi-

The prefix _________means many. olig-poly- an- eu- The prefix ___________means outside, while the prefix ___________means inside. pre-, post-endo-, exo- hyper-, hypo-inter-, intra-

Which prefix means around? epi-supra- peri-meta- Which prefix means very little or scant? anti-peri- oligo-an-

Anuria Polyuria Oliguria What is the prefix in each word above and what does each word mean?

True or False? Cardio- means bladder Rhin0- means muscle Arthro- means joint Hepa-means liver Hema-means kidney Nephro- means liver Osteo- means bone

Hepatic Lipidosis is a fatty ____________. Cardiomyopathy is a disease of the _____________. Nephrotoxixity is a poisonous effect on the _________.