1. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. The Language Of Medicine 8 th edition Davi-Ellen Chabner

2. Chapter 1 Basic Word Structure Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

3. Chapter Learning Objectives  Identify basic objectives to guide your study of the medical language  Divide medical words into their component parts.  Learn the meanings of basic combining forms, prefixes, and suffixes of the medical language.  Use these combining forms, prefixes, and suffixes to build medical words.

4. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 1 Lesson 1.1

5. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. OBJECTIVES IN STUDYING THE MEDICAL LANGUAGE  Analyze words by dividing them into component parts.  Relate the medical terms to the structure and function of the human body  Be aware of spelling and pronunciation problems.

6. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 1.All medical terms have: A. A Combining Vowel B. Two roots C. A suffix D. A prefix QUICK QUIZ: QUICK QUIZ:

7. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 2.Which element appears at the beginning of a medical term? A. Suffix B. Prefix C. Combining Vowel D. Combining Form QUICK QUIZ: QUICK QUIZ:

8. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Word Analysis HEMAT/O/LOGY

9. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Word Analysis HEMAT/O/LOGY       root  suffix root  suffix combining vowel combining vowel hemat means blood -logy means process of study

10. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Word Analysis Important elements:  Root: foundation of the term  Suffix: word ending  Prefix: word beginning  Combining vowel: vowel (usually o) that links the root to the suffix or the root to another root and aids pronunciation  Combining form: combination of the root and the combining vowel

11. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Word Analysis ELECTR/O/CARDI/O/GRAM

12. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Word Analysis ELECTR/O/CARDI/O/GRAM           root  root  suffix root  root  suffix combining vowels combining vowels electr means electricity cardi means heart -gram means record

13. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Word Analysis GASTR/ITIS

14. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Word Analysis GASTR/ITIS     root suffix root suffix gastr means stomach -itis means inflammation Note: Drop combining vowel when suffix stars with a vowel (as in “-itis”)

15. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Word Analysis GASTR/O/ENTER/O/LOGY

16. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Word Analysis GASTR/O/ENTER/O/LOGY           root  root  suffix root  root  suffix combining vowels combining vowels gastr means stomach enter means intestines -logy means process of study

17. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Word Analysis (cont’d.) THREE General Rules: 1.Read the meaning of medical terms from the suffix back to the beginning of the term and across 2.Drop the combining vowel (usually o) before a suffix beginning with a vowel: gastritis not “gastroitis” 3.Keep the combining vowel between two roots: gastroenterology not gastrenterology

18. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Word Analysis SUB/GASTR/IC

19. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Word Analysis SUB/GASTR/IC       prefix root suffix sub- means under gastr means stomach -ic means pertaining to

20. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Word Analysis EPI/GASTR/IC

21. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Word Analysis EPI/GASTR/IC       prefix root suffix epi- means above gastr means stomach -ic means pertaining to

22. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. COMBINING FORMS aden/o_________ arthr/o_________ bi/o_________ carcin/o_________ cardi/o_________ Combining Form Meaning

23. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. aden/ogland arthr/ojoint bi/olife carcin/ocancerous, cancer cardi/oheart Combining Form Meaning COMBINING FORMS

24. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 3. Which term means inflammation of the gland? of the gland? A.arthritis B.adentitis C.adenoma D.cephalic QUICK QUIZ: QUICK QUIZ:

25. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. cephal/o_________ cerebr/o_________ cis/o_________ crin/o_________ cyst/o_________ Combining Form Meaning COMBINING FORMS

26. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. cephal/ohead cerebr/ocerebrum cis/oto cut crin/oto secrete cyst/ourinary bladder Combining Form Meaning COMBINING FORMS

27. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. cyt/o _________ derm/o or dermat/o_________ electr/o_________ encephal/o _________ enter/o _________ Combining Form Meaning COMBINING FORMS

28. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. cyt/o cell derm/o or dermat/oskin electr/o electricity encephal/obrain enter/o intestines Combining Form Meaning COMBINING FORMS

29. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 4.Term that means study of cells: A.cystoscopy B.cystitis C.cytology D.hematology QUICK QUIZ: QUICK QUIZ:

30. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. erythr/o_________ gastr/o_________ gn/o_________ gynec/o_________ hemat/o or hem/o_________ Combining Form Meaning COMBINING FORMS COMBINING FORMS

31. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. erythr/o red gastr/o stomach gn/o knowledge gynec/o woman, female hemat/o or hem/oblood Combining Form Meaning COMBINING FORMS COMBINING FORMS

32. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. hepat/o_________ iatr/o_________ leuk/o_________ nephr/o_________ neur/o_________ Combining Form Meaning COMBINING FORMS COMBINING FORMS

33. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. hepat/oliver iatr/otreatment, physician leuk/owhite nephr/okidney neur/onerve Combining Form Meaning COMBINING FORMS COMBINING FORMS

34. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. onc/o_________ ophthalm/o_________ oste/o_________ path/o_________ ped/o_________ Combining Form Meaning COMBINING FORMS COMBINING FORMS

35. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. onc/otumor ophthalm/oeye oste/obone path/odisease ped/ochild Combining Form Meaning COMBINING FORMS COMBINING FORMS

36. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. psych/o_________ radi/o_________ ren/o_________ rhin/o_________ sarc/o_________ Combining Form Meaning COMBINING FORMS COMBINING FORMS

37. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. psych/omind radi/ox-rays ren/okidney rhin/onose sarc/oflesh Combining Form Meaning COMBINING FORMS COMBINING FORMS

38. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. sect/o_________ thromb/o_________ ur/o_________ Combining Form Meaning COMBINING FORMS COMBINING FORMS

39. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. sect/oto cut thromb/oclot, clotting ur/ourinary tract, urine Combining Form Meaning COMBINING FORMS COMBINING FORMS

40. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. -ac_________ -al_________ -algia_________ -cyte_________ -ectomy_________ Combining Form Meaning SUFFIXES

41. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. SUFFIXES -acpertaining to -alpertaining to -algiapain -cytecell -ectomyexcision, removal Combining Form Meaning

42. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 5.Which suffix means to “cut out” or remove? A.-ectomy B.-scopy C.-itis D.-opsy QUICK QUIZ: QUICK QUIZ:

43. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. -emia_________ -genic_________ -globin_________ -gram_________ -ic, ical_________ Combining Form Meaning SUFFIXES

44. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. -emiablood condition -genicproduced by or in -globinprotein -gramrecord -ic, icalpertaining to Combining FormMeaning SUFFIXES

45. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. -ion_________ -ist_________ -itis_________ -logy_________ -oma_________ Combining Form Meaning SUFFIXES

46. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. -ionprocess -istspecialist -itisinflammation -logyprocess of study -omatumor, mass, swelling Combining Form Meaning SUFFIXES

47. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. -opsy_________ -osis_________ -pathy_________ -scope_________ -scopy_________ Combining Form Meaning SUFFIXES

48. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. -opsyprocess of viewing -osiscondition, usually abnormal -pathydisease condition -scopeinstrument to visually examine -scopyprocess of visually examining (with an endoscope) (with an endoscope) Combining FormMeaning SUFFIXES

49. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. -sis_________ -tomy_________ -y_________ Combining Form Meaning SUFFIXES

50. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. -sisstate of; condition -tomyprocess of cutting -yprocess, condition Combining Form Meaning SUFFIXES

51. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. PREFIXES a-, an-_________ aut-, auto_________ dia-_________ end-, endo-_________ epi-_________ ex-_________ Combining Form Meaning

52. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. a-, an-no, not, without aut-, autoself, own dia-through, complete end-, endo-within epi-above, upon ex-out Combining Form Meaning PREFIXES

53. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. exo-_________ hyper-_________ hypo- _________ in-_________ peri-_________ pro-_________ Combining Form Meaning PREFIXES

54. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. exo-outside of, outward hyper-excessive, above, more hypo- deficient, below, under, less in-into, in peri-surrounding, around pro- before, forward Combining Form Meaning PREFIXES

55. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. re-_________ retro-_________ sub-_________ trans-_________ Combining Form Meaning PREFIXES

56. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. re-back, backward, again retro-behind sub-below, under trans-across, through Combining Form Meaning PREFIXES

57. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Pronunciation of Terms Pronunciation of Terms  When ¯ is above a vowel, the sound is long. For example: ā as in āpe ō as in ōpen  When ˘ is above a vowel, the sound is short. For example: ă as in ăpple ŏ as in pŏt

58. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Examples: adenitisăd-ĕ-N ī -tĭs biologybī-OL-ō-jē cephalicse-FĂL-ik iatrogenici-ăt-rō-JEN-ik resectionrē-SEK-shŭn Pronunciation of Terms (cont’d.) Pronunciation of Terms (cont’d.)