1. The Language Of Medicine
11th edition
Davi-Ellen Chabner

2. Chapter 1 Basic Word Structure
Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2011, 2007 b Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 2

3. Chapter Goals
Identify basic objectives to guide your study of the medical language.
Divide medical words into their component parts.
Learn the meanings of basic combining forms, prefixes, and suffixes of the medical language.
Use these combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes to build medical words.
Analyze words by dividing them into component parts.
Relate the medical terms to the structure and function of the human body.
Be aware of spelling and pronunciation problems.

4. Chapter 1 Lesson 1.1

5. Objectives in Studying The Medical Language
Analyze words by dividing them into component parts.
Relate the medical terms to the structure and function of the human body.
Be aware of spelling and pronunciation problems.

6. QUICK QUIZ: All medical terms have: A. a combining vowel B. two roots
C. a suffix
D. a prefix
The correct answer is C: all medical terms have a suffix.

7. QUICK QUIZ: (cont’d)
Which element appears at the beginning of a medical term?
A. Suffix
B. Prefix
C. Combining vowel
D. Combining form
The correct answer is B: the prefix is the element that appears at the beginning of a medical term.

8. Word Analysis
HEMAT/O/LOGY

9. Word Analysis (cont’d)
HEMAT/O/LOGY
  
root  suffix
combining vowel
hemat means blood
-logy means process of study

10. Word Analysis (cont’d)
Important elements:
Root: foundation of the word
Suffix: word ending
Prefix: small part attached to the beginning of a term
Combining vowel: vowel (usually o) that links the root to the suffix or the root to another root
Combining form: root + combining vowel
A combining vowel has no meaning of its own.

11. Word Analysis (cont’d)
ELECTR/O/CARDI/O/GRAM

12. Word Analysis (cont’d)
ELECTR/O/CARDI/O/GRAM
    
root  root  suffix
combining vowels
electr means electricity
cardi means heart
-gram means record

13. Word Analysis (cont’d)

14. Word Analysis (cont’d)
gastr means stomach -itis means inflammation Note: Drop combining vowel when suffix starts with a vowel (as in “itis”)

15. Word Analysis (cont’d)
GASTR/O/ENTER/O/LOGY

16. Word Analysis (cont’d)
GASTR/O/ENTER/O/LOGY
    
root  root  suffix
combining vowels
gastr means stomach
enter means intestines
-logy means process of study

17. Word Analysis (cont’d)
THREE General Rules:
READ the meaning of medical terms from the suffix back to the beginning of the term and across
DROP the combining vowel (usually o) before a suffix beginning with a vowel: gastritis not “gastroitis”
KEEP the combining vowel between two roots: gastroenterology not “gastrenterology”
When a term contains two or more roots related to parts of the body, what often determines which root is listed first? (Anatomical position)

18. Word Analysis (cont’d)
HYPO/GASTR/IC

19. Word Analysis (cont’d)
HYPO/GASTR/IC
  
prefix root suffix
hypo- means below
gastr means stomach
-ic means pertaining to

20. Word Analysis (cont’d)
EPI/GASTR/IC

21. Word Analysis (cont’d)
EPI/GASTR/IC
  
prefix root suffix
epi- means above
gastr means stomach
-ic means pertaining to

22. Combining Forms
aden/o _________ arthr/o _________ bi/o _________ carcin/o _________ cardi/o _________
Combining Form Meaning

23. Combining Forms (cont’d)
Combining Form Meaning
aden/o gland arthr/o joint bi/o life carcin/o cancerous, cancer cardi/o heart

24. QUICK QUIZ: 3. Which term means inflammation of the gland? Arthritis
Adenitis
Adenoma
Cephalic
The correct answer is B: adenitis.

25. Combining Forms
Combining Form Meaning
cephal/o _________ cerebr/o _________ cis/o _________ crin/o _________ cyst/o _________

26. Combining Forms (cont’d)
Combining Form Meaning
cephal/o head cerebr/o cerebrum cis/o to cut crin/o to secrete cyst/o urinary bladder

27. Combining Forms (cont’d)
Combining Form Meaning
cyt/o _________ derm/o or dermat/o _________ electr/o _________ encephal/o _________ enter/o _________

28. Combining Forms (cont’d)
Combining Form Meaning
cyt/o cell derm/o or dermat/o skin electr/o electricity encephal/o brain enter/o intestines

29. QUICK QUIZ: Which term means study of cells? Cystoscopy Cystitis
Cytology
Hematology
The correct answer is C: cytology.

30. Combining Forms
Combining Form Meaning
erythr/o _________ gastr/o _________ glyc/o _________ gnos/o _________ gynec/o _________ hemat/o or hem/o _________

31. Combining Forms (cont’d)
Combining Form Meaning
erythr/o red gastr/o stomach glyc/o sugar gnos/o knowledge gynec/o woman, female hemat/o or hem/o blood

32. Combining Forms (cont’d)
Combining Form Meaning
hepat/o _________ iatr/o _________ leuk/o _________ log/o _________ nephr/o _________ neur/o _________

33. Combining Forms (cont’d)
Combining Form Meaning
hepat/o liver iatr/o treatment, physician leuk/o white log/o study of nephr/o kidney neur/o nerve

34. Combining Forms (cont’d)
Combining Form Meaning
onc/o _________ ophthalm/o _________ oste/o _________ path/o _________ ped/o _________

35. Combining Forms (cont’d)
Combining Form Meaning
onc/o tumor ophthalm/o eye oste/o bone path/o disease ped/o child

36. Combining Forms (cont’d)
Combining Form Meaning
psych/o _________ radi/o _________ ren/o _________ rhin/o _________ sarc/o _________

37. Combining Forms (cont’d)
Combining Form Meaning
psych/o mind radi/o x-rays ren/o kidney rhin/o nose sarc/o flesh

38. Combining Forms (cont’d)
Combining Form Meaning
sect/o _________ thromb/o _________ ur/o _________
Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide?

39. Combining Forms (cont’d)
Combining Form Meaning
sect/o to cut thromb/o clot, clotting ur/o urinary tract, urine

40. Suffixes
Combining Form Meaning
-ac _________ -al _________ -algia _________ -cyte _________ -ectomy _________

41. Suffixes (cont’d)
Combining Form Meaning
-ac pertaining to -al pertaining to -algia pain -cyte cell -ectomy excision, removal

42. QUICK QUIZ: Which suffix means to “cut out” or remove? -ectomy -scopy
-itis
-opsy
The correct answer is A: -ectomy, meaning excision, or removal.

43. Suffixes
Combining Form Meaning
-emia _________ -genic _________ -globin _________ -gram _________ -ic, ical _________
Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide?

44. Suffixes (cont’d)
Combining Form Meaning
-emia blood condition -genic produced by or in -globin protein -gram record -ic, ical pertaining to
Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide?

45. Suffixes (cont’d)
Combining Form Meaning
-ion _________ -ist _________ -itis _________ -logy _________ -oma _________
Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide?

46. Suffixes (cont’d)
Combining Form Meaning
-ion process -ist specialist -itis inflammation -logy process of study -oma tumor, mass, swelling
Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide?

47. Suffixes (cont’d)
Combining Form Meaning
-opsy _________ -osis _________ -pathy _________ -scope _________ -scopy _________
Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide?

48. Suffixes (cont’d)
-opsy process of viewing -osis condition, usually abnormal -pathy disease condition -scope instrument to visually examine -scopy process of visually examining
Combining Form Meaning
Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide?

49. Suffixes (cont’d) -sis _________ -tomy _________ -y _________
Combining Form Meaning
-sis _________ -tomy _________ -y _________
Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide?

50. Suffixes (cont’d)
Combining Form Meaning
-sis state of; condition -tomy process of cutting, incision -y process, condition
Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide?

51. Prefixes
Combining Form Meaning
a-, an- _________ aut-, auto _________ dia- _________ end-, endo- _________ epi- _________ ex-, exo- _________
Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide?

52. Prefixes (cont’d)
Combining Form Meaning
a-, an- no, not, without aut-, auto- self, own dia- complete, through endo- within epi- above, upon ex-, exo- out, outside of, outward
Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide?

53. Prefixes (cont’d)
Combining Form Meaning
hyper- _________ hypo- _________ in- _________ peri- _________ pro- _________
Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide?

54. Prefixes (cont’d)
Combining Form Meaning
hyper- excessive, above, more than normal hypo- deficient, below, under, less than normal in- into, in peri- surrounding, around pro- before, forward
Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide?

55. Prefixes (cont’d)
Combining Form Meaning
re- _________ retro- _________ sub- _________ trans- _________
Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide?

56. Prefixes (cont’d)
Combining Form Meaning
re- back, backward, again retro- behind sub- below, under trans- across, through
Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide?

57. Pronunciation of Terms
When ¯ is above a vowel, the sound is long. For example:
ā as in āpe
ō as in ōpen
When ˘ is above a vowel, the sound is short. For example:
ă as in ăpple
ŏ as in pŏt
The capitalized syllable is accented.
Review long and short vowel sounds with the students.
The syllable that appears in all caps is the accented syllable.

58. Pronunciation of Terms (cont’d)
Examples:
adenitis ăd-ĕ-Nī-tĭs
biology bī-OL-ō-jē
cephalic se-FĂL-ĭk
iatrogenic i-ăt-rō-JĔN-ĭk
resection rē-SĔK-shŭn