1. Chapter 4: Prefixes a –, an- mean no, not, without
ab- means away from (notice that the b faces away from the a)
ad- means toward (notice that the d faces toward the a)
For Example:
Adrenal Glands – are endocrine glands located above each kidney. They secrete chemical (hormones) that affect the body’s functioning. One of these hormones is adrenaline (epinephrine). It causes the bronchial tubes to widen, the heart to beat more rapidly, and blood pressure to rise.

3. ana- means up, apart
ante - means before, forward
anti- means against Example
For Example:
An antibiotic destroys or inhibits the growth of microorganisms (small living things) such as bacteria. Penicillin, the first antibiotic, was cultured from immature plants (molds) and found to inhibit bacterial growth.

4. Antigens, Antibodies and the Immune Response
An antigen is a substance, usually foreign to the body such as a poison, virus or bacterium), that stimulates the production of antibodies.
When you receive a vaccine, it contains dead or weakened antigens that stimulate lymphocytes to make antibodies, which remain in your blood to protect against those specific antigens when encountered later on.

5. Antibodies are protein substances made by white blood cells in response to the presence of foreign antigens

6. Another Example of an antigen-antibody is the Rh condition
A person who has is Rh positive (Rh+) has a protein coating (antigen) on his or her red blood cells (RBCs). This specific antigen factor is something that the person is born with and is normal. People who are Rh negative (Rh-) have normal RBCs as well, but their red cells lack the Rh factor antigen.
If an Rh- woman and an Rh+ man conceive an embryo, the embryo may be Rh- or Rh+. A dangerous condition arises only when the embryo is Rh+ (because it is different than the mother)

8. auto- means self, own
bi- means two
brady- means slow
cata- means down
con- means with, together

9. contra – against, opposite
de- down, lack of
dia- through, complete
dys- bad, painful, difficult, abnormal
ec-, ecto- out, outside
For Example: Ectopic Pregnancy - Ectopic means pertaining to out of place and modifies the noun “pregnancy”.

11. en-, endo- in, within
epi- upon, on, above
eu- good, normal
ex- out, away from
hemi- half
hyper- excessive, above
hypo- deficient, under
in- not, into, within
infra- beneath
inter- between
intra- into, within
macro large
mal- bad

12. meta - beyond, change
micro- small
neo- new
pan- all
para- abnormal, beside, near
per- through
peri- surrounding
poly- many, much
post- after, behind
pre- before, in front of
pro- before, forward
pseudo- false

13. re- back, again
retro- behind, backward
sub- under
supra- above, upper
syn, sym- together, with
For Example: The pubic symphysis is located where the pelvic bones come together.

15. Tachy- fast
Trans- across, through
For Example: Transurethral resection of the prostate gland (TURP), a portion of the prostate gland is removed with an instrument (rectoscope) passed through (trans-) the urethra. The procedure is indicated when prostatic tissue increases and interferes with urination. The prostate gland is located at the base of the urinary bladder.

17. Uni- One
Ultra- Beyond, excess
For Example: Ultrasonography is a diagnostic technique using ultrasound waves (inaudible sound waves) to produce an image or photograph of an organ or tissue.

18. CORD
First Glimpse of my Grandson, Julian in utero

19. Julian at three months of age
Julian at three months of age. It looks a lot like his ultrasound (U/S) picture