Trophic Levels & Ecological Pyramids June 9, 2015 Energy Flow in Ecosystems 1

Trophic Levels  Each step in a food chain or food web is called a trophic level.  Primary producers always make up the first trophic level.  Various consumers occupy every other level. Some examples are shown. June 9, Energy Flow in Ecosystems

Trophic Levels Producers Quaternary Consumers Tertiary Consumers Secondary Consumers Primary Consumers June 9, Energy Flow in Ecosystems

Ecological Pyramids  Ecological pyramids show the relative amount of energy or matter contained within each trophic level in a given food chain or food web.  There are three different types of ecological pyramids:  pyramids of energy,  pyramids of biomass, and  pyramids of numbers June 9, Energy Flow in Ecosystems

Ecological Pyramids 1. What do the three types of ecological pyramids illustrate?  Pyramids of energy show the relative amount of energy available at each trophic level.  A pyramid of biomass illustrates the relative amount of living organic matter at each trophic level.  A pyramid of numbers shows the relative number of individual organisms at each trophic level in an ecosystem. June 9, Energy Flow in Ecosystems

1. Pyramids of Energy  There is theoretically no limit to the number of trophic levels in a food web or the number of organisms that live on each level.  However, only a small portion of the energy that passes through any given trophic level is ultimately stored in the bodies of organisms at the next level.  Organisms expend much of the energy they acquire on life processes, such as respiration, movement, growth, and reproduction.  Most of the remaining energy is released into the environment as heat—a byproduct of these activities. June 9, Energy Flow in Ecosystems

Pyramids of Energy  On average, about 10 percent of the energy available within one trophic level is transferred to the next trophic level (trophic efficiency)  The more levels that exist between a producer and a consumer, the smaller the percentage of the original energy from producers that is available to that consumer. June 9, Energy Flow in Ecosystems

Tertiary consumers Secondary consumers Primary consumers Producers 10 kcal 100 kcal 1,000 kcal 10,000 kcal June 9, Energy Flow in Ecosystems Pyramids of Energy

Advantages  Takes into account the PRODUCTIVITY  Addresses the fact that weight for weight, two species do not necessarily have the same energy content Disadvantages  Very difficult to obtain data  Destructive  Problems identifying trophic level Pyramids of energy June 9, Energy Flow in Ecosystems

2. Pyramids of Biomass  The total amount of living tissue within a given trophic level is called its biomass.  The amount of biomass a given trophic level can support is determined, in part, by the amount of energy available. June 9, Energy Flow in Ecosystems

2. Pyramids of Biomass  Illustrates the relative amount of living organic matter at each trophic level.  Indicates the total dry mass of the organisms in each trophic level  Typically, the greatest biomass is at the base of the pyramid, as is seen in the field ecosystem modeled here. June 9, Energy Flow in Ecosystems

Pyramids of Biomass How might this data be collected? a) Individual organisms weighed and counted. b) Dry mass should be compared to eliminate errors due to water content Advantages  The data is more accurate.  Eliminates misleading problems of producer size differences Disadvantages  Laborious and expensive  Destructive  Can also be misleading in some circumstances June 9, Energy Flow in Ecosystems

3. Pyramids of Numbers  A pyramid of numbers shows the relative number of individual organisms at each trophic level in an ecosystem. June 9, Energy Flow in Ecosystems Log numbers Producers Herbivores 1 st level Carnivore 2 nd level carnivore 3 rd level carnivore

3. Pyramids of Numbers In most ecosystems, the shape of the pyramid of numbers is similar to the shape of the pyramid of biomass for the same ecosystem, with the numbers of individuals on each level decreasing from the level below it. June 9, Energy Flow in Ecosystems

3. Pyramids of Numbers  In some cases, however, consumers are much smaller than organisms they feed upon.  Thousands of insects may graze on a single tree, for example. The tree has a lot of biomass, but represents only one organism.  In such cases, the pyramid of numbers may be turned upside down, but the pyramid of biomass usually still has the normal orientation. June 9, Energy Flow in Ecosystems numbers Producers herbivores 1 st level carnivore 2 nd level carnivore

Advantage  Data relatively easy to collect using simple sampling Disadvantages  Producers vary in size  Large range of numbers  Trophic level difficult to work out Pyramids of Number June 9, Energy Flow in Ecosystems

Associated terms with energy production and energy flow. Primary production:  Fixation of energy by autotrophs in an ecosystem. Rate of primary production:  Amount of energy fixed over a given period of time. Gross primary production (GPP):  Total amount of energy fixed by autotrophs. Net primary production (NPP):  Amount of energy leftover after autotrophs have met their metabolic needs. June 9, Energy Flow in Ecosystems

Primary Productivity in Ecosystems Gross primary productivity (GPP) The rate at which an ecosystem's producers capture and store a given amount of chemical energy as biomass in a given length of time. Net primary productivity (NPP) Rate at which all the plants in an ecosystem produce net useful chemical energy; equal to the difference between the rate at which the plants in an ecosystem produce useful chemical energy (gross primary productivity) and the rate at which they use some of that energy through cellular respiration. (NPP = GPP – Respiration) June 9, Energy Flow in Ecosystems

Coral reefs and Marine ecosystems have the highest primary productivity? WHY? Highest rates of primary production by marine phytoplankton are generally concentrated in areas with higher levels of nutrient availability. Highest rates found along continental margins.  Nutrient run-off from land.  Sediment disturbance Open ocean tends to be nutrient poor.  Vertical mixing main nutrient source. June 9, Energy Flow in Ecosystems

Terrestrial primary production generally increases with moisture and temperature Rosenwitz studied net primary production across biomes Compare NPP to actual evapotranspiration What controls primary productivity? June 9, Energy Flow in Ecosystems

Terrestrial and aquatic primary production is also limited by nutrient availability What controls primary productivity? June 9, Energy Flow in Ecosystems