1. Partner Pair Up!

9. Bell Ringer Section Ecosystem Components Review 1. Identify abiotic factors in the ecosystem 2. Is this ecosystem and open or closed system? Explain. 3. Identify two autotrophs and two heterotrophs 4. What’s the difference between a secondary and tertiary consumer? 5. Write what a limiting factor might be for two different species in your food web. 6. Infer the range of tolerance for those two organisms above 7. Explain the difference between decomposer and detrivore… and give an example of each in your ecosystem. 8. What type of disturbances can happen to your ecosystem? [name one natural and one anthropogenic].

10. ENERGY FLOW IN ECOSYSTEM How does energy flow in an ecosystem? How does energy flow in an ecosystem? What is an energy pyramid? What is an energy pyramid? What is a trophic level? What is a trophic level?

11. FOOD CHAINS/WEBS & ENERGY PYRAMIDS Food chains/webs can be written as a pyramid: Food chains/webs can be written as a pyramid: Producers form the base of the pyramid Producers form the base of the pyramid Consumers form the upper layers Consumers form the upper layers

12. ENERGY PYRAMIDS A level of the energy pyramid is called a TROPHIC LEVEL A level of the energy pyramid is called a TROPHIC LEVEL Each trophic level represents the energy for those organisms Each trophic level represents the energy for those organisms Top Consumer Energy stored by Secondary Consumers Energy stored by Primary Consumers ENERGY STORED BY PRODUCERS The energy pyramid shows energy flow in an ecosystem:

13. TROPHIC LEVELS Energy is lost with each trophic Energy is lost with each trophic ~90% is released to the environment as heat ~90% is released to the environment as heat ~10% of the energy is used ~10% of the energy is used Only about 10% of the energy from one level is passed on to the next level

14. QUICK REVIEW Practice! If 100% of the energy is available at the first trophic level, what percentages of the energy are available at the second and third trophic levels? Practice! If 100% of the energy is available at the first trophic level, what percentages of the energy are available at the second and third trophic levels? 100% 10% 1%

15. QUICK REVIEW! All organisms in an ecosystem need _______ from food to live. An energy ________ shows how much food energy is passed from one ________ to another through food chains. __________ have the largest spot at the base of the pyramid. Altogether, only about _____ of the food energy at each level gets passed up to the next level. All organisms in an ecosystem need _______ from food to live. An energy ________ shows how much food energy is passed from one ________ to another through food chains. __________ have the largest spot at the base of the pyramid. Altogether, only about _____ of the food energy at each level gets passed up to the next level. energy pyramid Producers 10% organism

16. Pyramid of Energy Flow More steps or trophic levels in food chain or web, greater loss of usable energy as energy flows through trophic levels More steps or trophic levels in food chain or web, greater loss of usable energy as energy flows through trophic levels More trophic levels the Chains or Webs have more energy is consumed after each one. That’s why food chains and webs rarely have more than 4 steps More trophic levels the Chains or Webs have more energy is consumed after each one. That’s why food chains and webs rarely have more than 4 steps

17. Distinction between Species Wild species- one that exists as a population of individuals in a natural habitat, ideally similar to the one in which its ancestors evolved Wild species- one that exists as a population of individuals in a natural habitat, ideally similar to the one in which its ancestors evolved Domesticated species- animals such as cows, sheep, food crops, animals in zoos Domesticated species- animals such as cows, sheep, food crops, animals in zoos

18. Living Organisms Capture and transform matter and energy from their environment to supply their needs for survival, growth, and reproduction Capture and transform matter and energy from their environment to supply their needs for survival, growth, and reproduction Maintain favorable internal conditions, despite changes in their external environment through homeostasis, if not overstressed Maintain favorable internal conditions, despite changes in their external environment through homeostasis, if not overstressed

19. Biomass Dry weight of all organic matter contained in organisms. Dry weight of all organic matter contained in organisms. Biomass is measured in dry weight Biomass is measured in dry weight Water is not source of energy or nutrient Water is not source of energy or nutrient Biomass of first trophic levels is dry mass of all producers Biomass of first trophic levels is dry mass of all producers Useable energy transferred as biomass varies from 5%-20% (10% standard) Useable energy transferred as biomass varies from 5%-20% (10% standard)

20. Pyramid of Biomass Storage of biomass at various trophic levels of ecosystem

21. Pyramid of Energy Flow Loss of usable energy as energy flows through trophic levels of food chains and webs Loss of usable energy as energy flows through trophic levels of food chains and webs Rarely have more than 4 steps Rarely have more than 4 steps

22. Pyramid of Numbers Number of organisms at each trophic level

23. http://www.nicksnowden.net/Module_3_pages/ecosystems_energy_flows.htm

24. Gross Primary Productivity (GPP) Rate in which producers convert solar energy into chemical energy (biomass) in a given amount of time

25. Net Primary Productivity (NPP) Rate in which energy for use by consumers is stored in new biomass of plants Rate in which energy for use by consumers is stored in new biomass of plants Measured in kilocalories per square meter per year or grams in biomass Measured in kilocalories per square meter per year or grams in biomass NPP is the limit determining the planet’s carrying capacity for all species. NPP is the limit determining the planet’s carrying capacity for all species. 59% of NPP occurs in land / 41% occurs in ocean 59% of NPP occurs in land / 41% occurs in ocean

26. Ecological Efficiency Percentage of energy transferred from one trophic level to another. Percentage of energy transferred from one trophic level to another. 10% ecological efficiency 10% ecological efficiency 1,000,000 units of energy from sun 1,000,000 units of energy from sun 10,000 units available for green plants (photosynthesis) 10,000 units available for green plants (photosynthesis) 1000 units for herbivores 1000 units for herbivores 100 units for primary carnivores 100 units for primary carnivores 10 units for secondary carnivores 10 units for secondary carnivores