© 2008 POPULATION REFERENCE BUREAU Italy and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (formerly Zaire) Illustrate the Demographic Divide in Source: Carl Haub and Mary Mederios Kent, 2008 World Population Data Sheet. ITALY DEM. REP. OF THE CONGO 2008 Population59.9 million66.5 million 2025 Population62.0 million109.7 million Population below Age million31.3 million Population Age 65 and Older11.9 million1.7 million Annual Births568, million Annual Deaths575,000843,000 Annual Natural Increase (births minus deaths)- 7, million Annual Infant Deaths2,300270,000 Life Expectancy at Birth81 years53 years Percent of Population Undernourished< 2.5%74%

Chapter 2 Outline World Population Growth Geographic Distribution Of The World’s Population Global Variation In Population Size And Growth Global Demographic Contrasts

World Population Growth During the first 90% of human existence, the population of the world had grown only to the size of today’s New York City. Between 1750 and 1950, the world’s population grew from 800 million to 2.5 billion. Since 1950 it has expanded to more than six billion.

A.D A.D A.D B.C B.C B.C B.C B.C B.C B.C. 1+ million years Old Stone Age New Stone Age Bronze Age Iron Age Middle Ages Modern Age Black Death—The Plague A.D A.D A.D Future Billions Source: Population Reference Bureau; and United Nations, World Population Projections to 2100 (1998). World Population Growth Through History

Why Was Early Growth Slow? During the first 99% of human history death rates were high. During the hunting-gathering phase, life expectancy averaged 20 years. More than half of children born will died before 5. The average woman who survived the reproductive years would have to bear nearly 7 children to assure 2 survived to adulthood.

Why Are More Recent Increases so Rapid ? Acceleration in population after 1750 was due to declines in the death rate that accompanied the Industrial Revolution. People were eating better, wearing warmer clothes, bathing more often and drinking cleaner water. Continuing population increases are due to dramatic declines in mortality without a commensurate decline in fertility.

Worldwide Source: United Nations, World Population Prospects: The 2002 Revision (medium scenario), Women of Childbearing Age and Fertility

Sources: (United States) Ansley Coale and Melvin Zelnik (1963); and National Center for Health Statistics. (Bangladesh) United Nations; Demographic and Health Surveys; and other surveys To Slow Population Growth, Developing Countries’ Fertility Decline Must Be Rapid. Average Lifetime Births per Woman:

Decline or Growth, Percent Bulgaria (1.1) Russia (1.1) Italy (1.2) Trinidad & Tobago (1.6) South Korea (1.4) China (1.8) Country (average number of children per woman) Source: United Nations, World Population Prospects: The 2002 Revision (medium scenario), Population in Countries With Low Fertility

Orange –Greater than 100 million Blue - 50 and 100 million Green -40 and 50 million Yellow - 30 and 40 million Lavender - 20 and 30 million Pink –10 and 20 million Grey - 5 and 10 million.

Population Growth Year Population (Millions) Average Annual Growth Rate Doubling Time –80004 – ,051 – ,

Population Growth Year Population (Millions) Average Annual Growth Rate Doubling Time , , ,

Population Growth Year Population (Millions) Average Annual Growth Rate Doubling Time 19603, , , , ,

Doubling Time The time required for a population to double if the current rate of growth continues. The doubling time is approximately equal to 69 divided by the growth rate. Estimate the world’s rate of growth in the year 2003 to be 1.2% per year, the doubling time is 58 years.

Redistribution of the World’s Population through Migration Migration streams flow from rapidly growing areas into less rapidly growing ones: Latin America and Asia to the United States Asia to Canada Africa and Asia to Europe In earlier decades, as population grew dense in a region, people moved to less populated areas.

European Expansion Europeans began to stake out the less developed areas of the world in the 15th and 16th centuries. Before this expansion, Europeans represented 18% of the world’s population. By the 1930s, people of European origin in Europe, North America, and Oceania accounted for 35% of the world’s population.

The Urban Revolution As recently as 1800, less than 1% of the world’s population lived in cities of 100,000 or more. More than 1/3 of all humans now live in cities of that size. Urban populations grew in some countries even without industrialization, as places sprang up where goods and services were exchanged.

World Population Increase Time Period BirthsDeaths Natural Increase Year132,594,00056,826,00075,768,000 Day363,271155,688207,584 Hour15,1366,4878,649 Minute Second422

Future Population Growth More Developed Nations Less Developed Nations World Population in 2000(millions) 1,1944,8776,071 Medium fertility- Projection to ,2207,6998,919 Low fertility - Projection to ,0846,325 7,409 High fertility- Projection to year ,3709,263 10,63 3

World Population Clock Natural Increase perWorld More Developed Countries Less Developed Countries Year82,866,0002,083,00080,784,000 Day227,0305,707217,294 Minute Source: Population Reference Bureau, 2009 World Population Data Sheet.

How Many People Have Ever Lived? Historical Period # Born During the Period (billions) Cumulative Total Born (billions) 200,000 BC to 8,000 BC 2.1 8,001 BC to AD AD 1 to to to to