Presented to: West Chester Pilots By: William J. Doyle, Jr., CFI A&I Date: 09/21/2011 Federal Aviation Administration Approach & Landing Accident Avoidance for 2011 Eastern Region FAASTEAM

Federal Aviation Administration 2 Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance Special Thanks to the Management and Staff of the American Helicopter Museum

Federal Aviation Administration 3 Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance The Seasonal ‘Danger’ Zone

Federal Aviation Administration 4 Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance Accidents by Aircraft Type

Federal Aviation Administration 5 Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance Fatalities by Aircraft Type

Federal Aviation Administration 6 Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance Why Focus on Approaches & Landings?

Federal Aviation Administration 7 Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance Why Focus on Approaches & Landings? 2010 Nall Report – 2009 Data

Federal Aviation Administration 8 Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance Why Focus on Approaches & Landings? 2010 Nall Report – 2009 Data

Federal Aviation Administration 9 Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance Say That Again! Maneuvering, Approach & Landing… –15% of your flight time (average). –47% of all accidents for –55.9% of all accidents for 2009

Federal Aviation Administration 10 Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance Why Focus on Approaches & Landings? 2008: 413 non- commercial fixed-wing landing accidents Nall Report

Federal Aviation Administration 11 Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance Why Focus on Approaches & Landings? 2009: 348 non- commercial fixed-wing landing accidents Nall Report

Federal Aviation Administration 12 Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance Why Focus on Approaches & Landings? 2009: 348 non- commercial fixed-wing landing accidents Nall Report

Federal Aviation Administration 13 Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance Leading APL Causal Factors

Federal Aviation Administration 14 Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance Landing Practice Starts in the Air Photo © Danny Fritsche

Federal Aviation Administration 15 Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance Slow Flight

Federal Aviation Administration 16 Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance Definition FAA-H A Airplane Flying Handbook

Federal Aviation Administration 17 Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance Slow Flight - Common Errors  What are some common errors encountered during slow flight?  How could these errors lead to an approach/landing accident?

Federal Aviation Administration 18 Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance Slow Flight - Common Errors Failure to adequately clear the area. Inadequate back-elevator pressure as power is reduced, resulting in altitude loss. Excessive back-elevator pressure as power is reduced, resulting in a climb, followed by a rapid reduction in airspeed and “mushing.” Inadequate compensation for adverse yaw during turns.

Federal Aviation Administration 19 Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance Slow Flight - Common Errors Fixation on the airspeed indicator. Failure to anticipate changes in lift as flaps are extended or retracted. Inadequate power management. Inability to adequately divide attention between airplane control and orientation.

Federal Aviation Administration 20 Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance Flight at Minimum Controllable Airspeed (Slow Flight)

Federal Aviation Administration 21 Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance Power Off Stall Recovery 1. Reduce Angle of Attack 2. Add Power 3. Keep Wings Level 4. Use adequate Rudder

Federal Aviation Administration 22 Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance Power On Stall Recovery 1. Reduce Angle of Attack 2. Keep Wings Level 3. Use adequate Rudder

Federal Aviation Administration 23 Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance Stall Recognition Vision - note the attitude of the airplane Hearing - change in sound due to loss of RPM Kinesthesia, sense changes in direction or speed of motion, warning of decrease in speed or beginning of settling or mushing. Feel - resistance to control pressures decreases, controls less effective Airplane vibration and buffeting Stall warning indicators –Stall warning horn and/or stall warning light

Federal Aviation Administration 24 Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance Stall Recovery – Power Off Stalls

Federal Aviation Administration 25 Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance Stall Recovery – Power On Stalls

Federal Aviation Administration 26 Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance Stabilized Approach

Federal Aviation Administration 27 Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance Stabilized Approach

Federal Aviation Administration 28 Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance Faulty Approaches Energy Management (1 of 2) (1 of 2)

Federal Aviation Administration 29 Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance Faulty Approaches Energy Management (2 of 2) (2 of 2)

Federal Aviation Administration 30 Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance Faulty Approaches Timing (1 of 2) (1 of 2)

Federal Aviation Administration 31 Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance Faulty Approaches Timing (2 of 2) (2 of 2)

Federal Aviation Administration 32 Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance Faulty Approaches Nose Wheel Hazards Nose Wheel Hazards

Federal Aviation Administration 33 Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance Faulty Approaches Porpoise Gone Bad CherokeeL410

Federal Aviation Administration 34 Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance Landing - Common Errors  What are some common errors encountered during landing?  How could these errors lead to an approach/landing accident?

Federal Aviation Administration 35 Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance Landing - Common Errors Inadequate wind drift correction on the base leg. Overshooting or undershooting the turn onto final approach resulting in too steep or too shallow a turn onto final approach. Flat or skidding turns from base leg to final approach as a result of overshooting/inadequate wind drift correction. Poor coordination during turn from base to final approach.

Federal Aviation Administration 36 Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance Landing - Common Errors Failure to complete the landing checklist in a timely manner. Unstabilized approach. Failure to adequately compensate for flap extension. Poor trim technique on final approach. Attempting to maintain altitude or reach the runway using elevator alone.

Federal Aviation Administration 37 Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance Landing - Common Errors Focusing too close to the airplane resulting in a too high round out. Focusing too far from the airplane resulting in a too low round out. Touching down prior to attaining proper landing attitude. Failure to hold sufficient back-elevator pressure after touchdown. Excessive braking after touchdown.

Federal Aviation Administration 38 Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance Crosswind Landings

Federal Aviation Administration 39 Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance Crosswind Landing Techniques Crab down final Transition to sideslip at or just before the thresh hold Any risks? – Side load on tires Sideslip not recommended all the way down a long final approach leg Any risks? – Cross control stall if improper pitch, power, airspeed

Federal Aviation Administration 40 Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance Centerline Control Always keep the Aircraft on the Centerline of the Taxiway and Runway.

Federal Aviation Administration 41 Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance Application of Aileron

Federal Aviation Administration 42 Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance Faulty Approaches Crosswind Landings Gone Bad London CityLuthansa

Federal Aviation Administration 43 Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance Crosswind Landings Common Errors  What are some common errors encountered during crosswind landings?  How could these errors lead to an approach/landing accident?

Federal Aviation Administration 44 Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance Common Errors in Crosswind Landings Attempting to land in crosswinds exceeding the maximum demonstrated crosswind component. Inadequate compensation for wind drift when turning from base to final resulting in undershooting or overshooting. Inadequate compensation for wind drift on final. Un-stabilized approach. Failure to compensate for increased drag during sideslip resulting in excessive sink rate and/or too low an airspeed.

Federal Aviation Administration 45 Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance Common Errors in Crosswind Landings Touchdown while drifting. Excessive airspeed on touchdown. Failure to apply appropriate flight control inputs during rollout. Failure to maintain direction control on rollout. Excessive braking.

Federal Aviation Administration 46 Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance Go Around From Rejected Landing

Federal Aviation Administration 47 Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance Go Around Common Errors  What are some common errors encountered during go-arounds?  How could these errors lead to an accident?

Federal Aviation Administration 48 Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance Go Around - Common Errors Failure to recognize a condition that warrants a rejected landing. Indecision. Delay in initiating a go-round. Failure to apply maximum allowable power in a timely manner. Abrupt power application. Improper pitch attitude.

Federal Aviation Administration 49 Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance Go Around - Common Errors Failure to configure the airplane appropriately. Attempting to climb out of ground effect prematurely. Failure to adequately compensate for torque/ P-factor. Failure to re-extend gear in a retractable gear airplane.

Federal Aviation Administration 50 Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance Special Considerations  Experimental Aircraft -- Do you know the handling characteristics?  Laminar Flow Wings -- Do you know the flight characteristics?  Emergency Landings -- Have you practiced lately? -- What types are there?

Federal Aviation Administration 51 Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance Parting Thoughts

Federal Aviation Administration 52 Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance The Three Most Useless Things to a Pilot The runway behind you cross-wind component –Moral: know your aircraft’s take-off minimums and cross-wind component, your airport’s runway length, density altitude, any obstacles to be cleared The altitude above you –Moral: know your aircraft’s power settings for climb, cruise, and descent The fuel on the ground below you –Moral: know your aircraft’s fuel capacity, fuel system, GPH burn rate, and winds aloft for the route of flight. Utilize superior judgment to avoid needing to use superior skill

Federal Aviation Administration 53 Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance Just a Real Nice Picture

Federal Aviation Administration 54 Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance Credits and Information

Federal Aviation Administration 55 Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance References and Information NTSB Accident Database Electronic Code of Federal Regulations – Title 14 Aeronautics and Space idx?sid=fd0d4ed f95caf8cad8372ce03&c=ecfr&tpl=/ecfrbrow se/Title14/14tab_02.tplhttp://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text- idx?sid=fd0d4ed f95caf8cad8372ce03&c=ecfr&tpl=/ecfrbrow se/Title14/14tab_02.tpl Electronic Code of Federal Regulations – Title 14 Chapter I- -Federal Aviation Administration, Department of Transportation, Subchapter D – Airmen idx?sid=fd0d4ed f95caf8cad8372ce03&c=ecfr&tpl=/ecfrbrow se/Title14/14cfrv2_02.tplhttp://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text- idx?sid=fd0d4ed f95caf8cad8372ce03&c=ecfr&tpl=/ecfrbrow se/Title14/14cfrv2_02.tpl

Federal Aviation Administration 56 Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance References and Information FAA Airplane Flying Handbook – FAA-H A als/aircraft/airplane_handbook/ FAA Risk Management Handbook – FAA-H – AA-H pdfhttp:// AA-H pdf –See Appendix A for Personal Minimums

Federal Aviation Administration 57 Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance References and Information Presenter –William J. Doyle, Jr., CFI A&I, AGI, IGI, Cessna CFAI FAA FAAST Team Representative, PHL FSDO Downloading This Presentation – Download each file in this directory Make sure that all files are downloaded into the same folder Crosswinds Presentation – Uses PowerPoint 2003 and later Password-protected, so click on the “Read Only” button – Uses Adobe Acrobat Reader version Recommended for use with iPads

Federal Aviation Administration 58 Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance Just a Real Nice Picture

Federal Aviation Administration 59 Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance FAASTeam on Approach and Landing for Accident Avoidance Questions? Comments? Ideas?

Federal Aviation Administration 60 Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance This Completes Approach and Landing For Accident Avoidance Be sure to have your attendance record validated!

Federal Aviation Administration 61 Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance Let’s Go Flying “Remember Safety is No Accident”