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2. Teaching Landings : General Aviation: 100 Years of Safety Experience

3. Downloaded from www.avhf.com What’s a landing? A landing is the successful transition of an aircraft from flying … to a stop on the surface where the pilot intended.

4. Downloaded from www.avhf.com What’s a good landing? Helpful definitions: If you can walk away, it’s a good landing. If you can reuse the airplane, it’s a great landing. Alternate definition: Airplane on ground. Crew alive. Mission success.

5. Downloaded from www.avhf.com Why am I here? Reduce the number of landing accidents, and Reduce the number of fatalities Exchange ideas Improve teaching

6. Downloaded from www.avhf.com Landings Number Four on the NTSB List Landings are 30.3% of Accidents... and are 4.7% of Fatal Accidents compared to Climb phase accidents are 2.9% of Total... and are 4.7% of Fatal Accidents

7. Downloaded from www.avhf.com How dangerous is landing? Year 2009 per 2010 Nall report: 348 landing accidents Only 6 were fatal. TOO MANY FATALITIES!!! TOO MANY ACCIDENTS!!!

8. Downloaded from www.avhf.com Why fatalities? -- NTSB Year 2006 per NTSB 2010 report: Botched crosswind approach, hit tree on go- around at approach end Bounce, PIO, V MC roll on go-around (multi- engine) Botched water landing (seaplane) Wheels-down water landing (seaplane) Broken crankshaft, off-field

9. Downloaded from www.avhf.com Who’s most likely to have an accident?

10. Downloaded from www.avhf.com Which is more important, long life or check ride? Saving lives should be our first concern. It’s more important to teach safety than to prepare for the check ride. Do we agree?

11. Downloaded from www.avhf.com Skill Retention Scores Private Pilot TaskCheckride8 mo16 mo24 mo Approach Stall 98848076 Forced Landing 95746776 Traffic Pattern (Uncontrolled Field) 89705256 Landing (Uncontrolled Field) 94685551 Short Field Landing 90675451 Crosswind Landing 93815868 Go-Around 100908578 Landing (Controlled Field) 94686554

12. Downloaded from www.avhf.com Forum Priorities Primarily, we’ll talk about preventing landing accidents. How to teach the necessary skills so they won’t be forgotten. Afterwards, we can talk about making beautiful landings.

13. Downloaded from www.avhf.com If landing is safe, what is dangerous? A badly executed approach A botched go-around In 2008 one fatal undershoot In 2008 three fatal overshoots

14. Downloaded from www.avhf.com Two elements of landing Directional Control Energy Management

15. Downloaded from www.avhf.com What are the results of bad Directional Control? Directional Control problems lead to bent airplanes and bruised egos, but generally, not to fatalities. We’ll return to this topic

16. Downloaded from www.avhf.com What is energy management? Use of Throttle Elevator To get the aircraft down to runway At the right place At the right speed

17. Downloaded from www.avhf.com What are the principles of energy management? Landing will not occur if the airplane is going too fast. Arrival will be rough if the airplane is going too slow. Damage is related to kinetic energy.

18. Downloaded from www.avhf.com What does it look like? “... a constant angle glidepath towards a predetermined point on the landing runway.” “... during a stabilized approach the apparent runway shape does not change.” What is a Stabilized Approach? Reference Airplane Flying Handbook page 8-8.

19. Downloaded from www.avhf.com Where should you aim? Aim 1/6 of the way down the runway The descent angle should be controlled throughout the approach so that the airplane will land in the center of the first third of the runway.

20. Downloaded from www.avhf.com What is the right approach speed? What the manufacturer suggests Or in its absence, 1.3 x V SO

21. Downloaded from www.avhf.com What is the right approach speed in gusty conditions? What the manufacturer suggests Or in its absence 1.3 x stall speed plus Half the gust factor

22. Downloaded from www.avhf.com Do you agree? If you fly a stabilized approach at the right speed, you are unlikely to hurt yourself.

23. Downloaded from www.avhf.com What do bounces and PIO have in common? Are they the result of a preoccupation with landing? … rather than maintaining a landing attitude at the runway ?

24. Downloaded from www.avhf.com Secrets to the Perfect Landing There are three secrets to a perfect landing. Unfortunately, no one knows what they are.

25. Downloaded from www.avhf.com How many crosswind approach techniques are there? The Airplane Flying Handbook describes two: Wing-low (sideslip) method Crab method Which do you teach? Why?

26. Downloaded from www.avhf.com How many crosswind touchdown techniques are there? The Airplane Flying Handbook describes one: Wing-low (sideslip) Even if using a crab, the approach must be converted to wing-low before touchdown.

27. Downloaded from www.avhf.com What about special situations? When, if ever, do you retract flaps on a short-field landing? What is different in an engine-out situation?

28. Downloaded from www.avhf.com What about particular airplanes? What is different about retractable landing gear? Do we need to talk about conventional gear? Any ski plane instructors here? Any seaplane instructors here?

29. Downloaded from www.avhf.com Any closing advice? Every takeoff is optional; landings are mandatory. NOT SO. Every landing is optional, unless you are on fire or out of gas. If in doubt, GO AROUND.

30. Downloaded from www.avhf.com Summary Retention of pilot skills Energy management Stabilized approach Different crosswind techniques Landings :

31. Downloaded from www.avhf.com WWW.SAFEPILOTS.ORG WWW.FAASAFETY.GOV Best in Flight Morristown WWW.BESTINFLIGHT.net Thanks Thank you to Robert Hadow, BEST in FLIGHT, for his insight, time, and expertise in developing this Forum. Please give credit to these organizations when using the presentation or material from the presentation.