1. Presented to: By: Dennis H. Whitley Date: April 12, 2011 Federal Aviation Administration SOUTHERN REGION FAASTeam/Area 1 Approach and Landing Accidents Tampa Florida CFI’s & Pilots

2. 2 Federal Aviation Administration Tampa Florida April 12, 2010 December 6, 20082 We have a LOSS of Control Problem! This airplane lost control on landing when the pilot flared too high and stalled in West Texas. He attempted to taxi the airplane to the ramp, and it worked until the nose wheel collapsed.

3. 3 Federal Aviation Administration Tampa Florida April 12, 2010 December 6, 20083 Loss of Control This “new” private pilot LOST CONTROL when he attempted to land on a public highway to look at an auction site, near Pecos, Texas. The crosswind caught him and put him into the ditch and a fence.

4. 4 Federal Aviation Administration Tampa Florida April 12, 2010 December 6, 20084 What Part do you play in all of this??

5. 5 Federal Aviation Administration Tampa Florida April 12, 2010 December 6, 20085 Landings “Can you identify the Risks?”

6. 6 Federal Aviation Administration Tampa Florida April 12, 2010 December 6, 20086 Any Landing You Can Walk Away From? Landing It’s a Matter of Risk Management

7. 7 Federal Aviation Administration Tampa Florida April 12, 2010 December 6, 20087 Approach and Landing Accidents Over half of all accidents occur during these phases. The leading accident factor for takeoffs and landings is loss of control (30.2 % of takeoff accidents and 32.8 % of landing accidents). Other factors include obstructions, night operations, runway conditions and weather.

8. 8 Federal Aviation Administration Tampa Florida April 12, 2010 December 6, 20088 Approach and Landing Accidents

9. 9 Federal Aviation Administration Tampa Florida April 12, 2010 December 6, 20089 Percent of Accidents by Phase of Flight 17% 54%

10. 10 Federal Aviation Administration Tampa Florida April 12, 2010 December 6, 200810 Glide Path/Angle

11. 11 Federal Aviation Administration Tampa Florida April 12, 2010 December 6, 200811 Approach and Landing Accidents Major Factors To Consider –Lack of Situational Awareness - CFIT –Nonstabilized Approaches –Wind (Direction and Velocity) –Obstructions –Weather – Turbulence,Wind Shear, Microburst –Runway (Condition, Length, Slope) –Night (Decreased Visibility)

12. 12 Federal Aviation Administration Tampa Florida April 12, 2010 December 6, 200812 Why Focus on Landings? Statistics indicate:  46% Of accidents occurred during the Landing phase of Flight.

13. 13 Federal Aviation Administration Tampa Florida April 12, 2010 December 6, 200813 Landings Good Approach = Good Landing Bad Approach = Bad Landing

14. 14 Federal Aviation Administration Tampa Florida April 12, 2010 December 6, 200814 Landings Good Approach = Good Landing Bad Approach = Bad Landing Period End of Statement !!!!

15. 15 Federal Aviation Administration Tampa Florida April 12, 2010 December 6, 200815 Stabilized Approach FAA-H-8083-3A Airplane Flying Handbook

16. 16 Federal Aviation Administration Tampa Florida April 12, 2010 December 6, 200816 Stabilized Approach FAA Order 8400.10, volume 4, chapter 2, section 3, paragraph 511 discusses stabilized approaches. Defines a stabilized approach as maintaining: –Stable speed, –Stable descent rate, –Stable vertical flight paths, –Stable configuration. VFR- Below 500 ft IFR- Below 1000 ft

17. 17 Federal Aviation Administration Tampa Florida April 12, 2010 December 6, 200817 Stabilized Approach Proper airspeed for the segment of the approach Correct flight path Correct aircraft configuration for the phase of flight Appropriate power setting for aircraft configuration Normal angle and rate of descent for the type of approach Minor corrections for pitch and power required to maintain stabilized approach Normal bracketing (+/-5°) used to correct for lateral navigation deviations

18. 18 Federal Aviation Administration Tampa Florida April 12, 2010 December 6, 200818 Stabilized Approach The Stabilized VFR Approach –On Glide Path, On Airspeed Profile –Approach Segment Airspeeds (Vref) –Downwind –Base –Final –Short Final

19. 19 Federal Aviation Administration Tampa Florida April 12, 2010 December 6, 200819 IAP Rate of Descent Table Speed3045607590105120135150 G.S. 2105160210265320370425475530 2.5130200265330395465530595665 3160240320395480555635715795 3.5185280370465555650740835925 42103154255306357408459551060 4.524035547559571583595510751190 5265395530660795925106011901325

20. 20 Federal Aviation Administration Tampa Florida April 12, 2010 December 6, 200820 V-Ref – Approach Speeds Vref = Landing Reference Speed at a point 50 feet above the landing threshold. It is not less than 1.3 times the stall speed in the normal landing configuration. In simple terms.... your final approach speed.

21. 21 Federal Aviation Administration Tampa Florida April 12, 2010 December 6, 200821 V-Ref – Approach Speeds FAR Part 23 –Single engine and Multi Engine < 6000 lbs stall speed =61 kias Vref=1.3 VSo 1.3 x 61= 79.3 kias C-172 Vso=51 Vref (1.3x51) =66.3 PA-32 Vso=58 Vref (1.3*58) =75.4 Meaning-The last 500 ft of descent should approx. 70 Kias.

22. 22 Federal Aviation Administration Tampa Florida April 12, 2010 December 6, 200822 V-Ref – Inst. Approach Speeds Aless than 9090 - 150 C182 - TB20 - C208 - BE35 B90 - 120120 - 170 B190 - E120 - AT42 - SF34 AT72- B350 - M20T - DHC8 C121 - 140160 - 220 A320 - B717 - B737 - FA50 B757 - CRJ7 - C130 - LR45 D141 - 165185 - 220 A225 - A340 - B777 - DC10 MD11 - A330 - L101 - IL86 E166 - 210185 - 220CON

23. 23 Federal Aviation Administration Tampa Florida April 12, 2010 December 6, 200823 Stabilized Approach Do not change flap position after crossing the Final Approach Fix until the runway is in sight and landing is assured. If the requirements for landing from instrument conditions are not met, a missed approach must be executed.

24. 24 Federal Aviation Administration Tampa Florida April 12, 2010 December 6, 200824 Landing - Common Errors  Un-stabilized approach.  Failure to allow enough room on final to set up the approach, necessitating an overly steep approach and high sink rate.  Too low on approach resulting in possibly landing short.  Too low an airspeed on final resulting in inability to flare properly and landing hard. FAA-H-8083-3A Airplane Flying Handbook

25. 25 Federal Aviation Administration Tampa Florida April 12, 2010 December 6, 200825 Landing - Common Errors (continued)  Too high an airspeed resulting in floating on round out.  Prematurely reducing power to idle on round out resulting in hard landing.  Touchdown with excessive airspeed.  Excessive and/or unnecessary braking after touchdown.  Failure to maintain directional control. FAA-H-8083-3A Airplane Flying Handbook

26. 26 Federal Aviation Administration Tampa Florida April 12, 2010 December 6, 200826 What about the Crosswind??? Technique? –Whether “kick or crab”, proper runway alignment must be maintained!!! –Upwind wing lowered and runway center line alignment maintained using proper control inputs for the crosswind conditions –REMEMBER…

27. 27 Federal Aviation Administration Tampa Florida April 12, 2010 December 6, 200827 Crosswind Landings

28. 28 Federal Aviation Administration Tampa Florida April 12, 2010 December 6, 200828 Crosswind Landings Common Errors  Unstabilized approach.  Attempting to land in crosswinds that exceed the airplane’s maximum demonstrated crosswind component.  Inadequate compensation for wind drift on the turn from base leg to final approach, resulting in undershooting or overshooting.  Inadequate compensation for wind drift on final approach. FAA-H-8083-3A Airplane Flying Handbook

29. 29 Federal Aviation Administration Tampa Florida April 12, 2010 December 6, 200829 Crosswind Landings Common Errors  Failure to compensate for increased drag during sideslip resulting in excessive sink rate and/or too low an airspeed.  Touchdown while drifting.  Excessive airspeed on touchdown resulting in loss of control or excessive braking.  Failure to apply appropriate flight control inputs during rollout. FAA-H-8083-3A Airplane Flying Handbook

30. 30 Federal Aviation Administration Tampa Florida April 12, 2010 December 6, 200830 Don’t let the conditions exceed your limits … if you start to get that “uncomfortable” feeling… GO AROUND!!

31. 31 Federal Aviation Administration Tampa Florida April 12, 2010 December 6, 200831 Go Around From Rejected Landing FAA-H-8083-3A Airplane Flying Handbook

32. 32 Federal Aviation Administration Tampa Florida April 12, 2010 December 6, 200832 Go Around Common Errors  Pitch attitude increased excessively resulting in a stall  Applying only partial power  Failure to reconfigure the aircraft (gear and Flaps) for climb  Retracting the flaps too quickly  Elevator trim (excessive forward pressures) FAA-H-8083-3A Airplane Flying Handbook

33. 33 Federal Aviation Administration Tampa Florida April 12, 2010 December 6, 200833 Approach and Landing Accidents

34. 34 Federal Aviation Administration Tampa Florida April 12, 2010 December 6, 200834 Approach and Landing Accidents

35. 35 Federal Aviation Administration Tampa Florida April 12, 2010 December 6, 200835 Approach and Landing Accidents

36. 36 Federal Aviation Administration Tampa Florida April 12, 2010 December 6, 200836 Approach and Landing Accidents Several types of pilot error can lead to a CFIT accident.

37. 37 Federal Aviation Administration Tampa Florida April 12, 2010 December 6, 200837 Approach and Landing Accidents

38. 38 Federal Aviation Administration Tampa Florida April 12, 2010 December 6, 200838 Approach and Landing Accidents The pilot continues flying the aircraft in the less-than- desirable conditions…and impacts an object, terrain, or water.

39. 39 Federal Aviation Administration Tampa Florida April 12, 2010 December 6, 200839 2007 Weather Accidents Source: 2008 AOPA Nall Report VFR into IMC

40. 40 Federal Aviation Administration Tampa Florida April 12, 2010 December 6, 200840 Approach and Landing Accidents MSA figures are extremely helpful!

41. 41 Federal Aviation Administration Tampa Florida April 12, 2010 December 6, 200841 Approach and Landing Accidents landing airport Know altitude and distance from Be aware of your DA or MDA Pay attention to the MSA Know altitude and distance from Be aware of your DA or MDA Pay attention to the MSA

42. 42 Federal Aviation Administration Tampa Florida April 12, 2010 December 6, 200842 Approach and Landing Accidents Controlled Flight Into Terrain (CFIT) Key Factors –Situational Awareness – Active monitoring/scanning –Weather – Marginal VFR or IMC –Navigational/Communication errors –Terrain –Preflight Preparation and Planning

43. 43 Federal Aviation Administration Tampa Florida April 12, 2010 December 6, 200843 Approach and Landing Accidents

44. 44 Federal Aviation Administration Tampa Florida April 12, 2010 December 6, 200844 Human Factors

45. 45 Federal Aviation Administration Tampa Florida April 12, 2010 December 6, 200845 Human Factors Fatigue causes bad decisions! Slows problem-solving ability Degrades motor skills Impairs attentiveness

46. 46 Federal Aviation Administration Tampa Florida April 12, 2010 December 6, 200846 Human Factors

47. 47 Federal Aviation Administration Tampa Florida April 12, 2010 December 6, 200847 Human Factors Single Pilots Do It All! Pilot Navigator Radio Operator System Manager Record Keeper Flight Attendant

48. 48 Federal Aviation Administration Tampa Florida April 12, 2010 December 6, 200848 Human Factors

49. 49 Federal Aviation Administration Tampa Florida April 12, 2010 December 6, 200849 Approach and Landing Accidents LESSONS LEARNED A current pilot and an airworthy aircraft can get into trouble. The importance of preflight planning and preparation. Night operations require extra planning. Understand flap configurations. Manage Your Focus of Attention. Always fly the aircraft!

50. 50 Federal Aviation Administration Tampa Florida April 12, 2010 December 6, 200850 Approach and Landing Accidents TRAINING SUGGESTIONS Situational Awareness – Contingency plan for every takeoff and landing. “Brief” the landing/go-around procedure, including flaps and airspeeds. Review Graphs and Tables in the POH. Teaching the Stabilized Approach - Profile Practice emergency/evacuation procedures.

51. 51 Federal Aviation Administration Tampa Florida April 12, 2010 December 6, 200851 Approach and Landing Accidents Fly some Simulation Time Practice Approaches Practice Missed Approaches Practice Emergency Options Practice Equipment Expectations Practice-Practice-Practice

52. 52 Federal Aviation Administration Tampa Florida April 12, 2010 Thanks for Having Me!!!