 George Washington (1788)  John Adams (1796)  Thomas Jefferson (1800)  James Madison (1808)  James Monroe (1816)  So Far………

 In 1815, republican James Monroe easily wins the election to become the 5 th president of the United States  The Federalist party soon fades out  The U.S. enters a period of growth and prosperity  Monroe’s two terms as President has come to be known as the Era of Good Feelings ( )  The Supreme Court, during this era, would hand down several key decisions  Court was led by Chief Justice John Marshall

 In 1800, people would have viewed themselves as citizens of their community or state  By 1820, it was becoming clear that national citizenship was growing in importance  A new generation of American leaders sought to use federal government to unite the country

 The first Bank of the United States was chartered in 1791  The First Bank of the U.S. dissolves in 1811  After financial problems occur during the war, the Second Bank of the U.S. is chartered in 1816  In 1816, Congress charters the Second Bank of the United States  Strongly supported after chaos during War of 1812

 In 1819 America experiences its first depression  Known as the Panic of 1819  It began in London with British banks declared that U.S. banks pay money that is owed  American banks, in turn, demand money of Americans that they loaned out  This financially ruined many Americans who did not have the money to pay off their loans

 In 1819, Maryland tried to kill the national bank by imposing high taxes on it  The case made its way to the Supreme Court  In McCulloch v. Maryland, Marshall ruled that Congress did have the authority to charter the bank  The powers of federal government went beyond those stated in the Constitution  Cited Article I, section 8 necessary and proper clause

 In 1819, Congress began debating admission of Missouri into the union  The basic issue at stake was slavery  The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 had established that no state northwest of the Ohio River could be a slave state  Missouri was not NW of the Ohio River and was not covered  After months of debate, under the leadership of Henry Clay, Congress agreed to the Missouri Compromise (1820)  1) Missouri would be a slave state, Maine would be free  2) As the U.S. expanded westward, territories north of the 36’30’ line would be closed to slavery

 Starting with Monroe, Presidents also acted to strengthen the nation’s foreign policy  One of Monroe’s main goals was to ease tensions with Great Britain  1817 Rush-Bagot Agreement, called on both sides to reduce warships in Great Lakes  Monroe was also concerned with European countries trying colonize in the western hemisphere

 President Monroe firmly spelled out American policy on this issue in a speech on December 2, 1823  The Monroe Doctrine had four main parts:  The U.S. would not take sides in European affairs  The U.S. recognized existing colonies in the Western Hemisphere and would not interfere with them  The U.S. would not permit any further colonization of the Western Hemisphere  Any attempt by a European power to take control of a nation in the western hemisphere would be viewed as a hostile action towards the U.S.

 In the election of 1824, no candidate could boast about being a Revolutionary leader  This election also marked the end of the Era of Good Feelings  Many issues of conflict had now spring up  Economic problems  Spread of slavery  As Monroe’s second term came to an end, several republicans ran for office  Secretary of State John Quincy Adams (Massachusetts)  Speaker of the House, Henry Clay (Kentucky)  Secretary of War, John C. Calhoun (South Carolina)  General Andrew Jackson (Tennessee)

Jackson’s Opponents in 1824 Henry Clay [KY] John Quincy Adams [MA] John C. Calhoun [SC] William H. Crawford [GA]

Even with Jackson winning the popular vote, he had to win the electoral vote as well There were 261 total electoral votes and Jackson needed 131 to win the electoral vote and the election. majorityJackson did not receive a majority of electoral votes to win the election. Sent to the House of Representatives to choose the president. The Election of electoral votes and 131 needed to win.

The “Corrupt Bargain”

The Corrupt Bargain Henry ClayJohn Adams AdamsPresidentHenry Clay gives his support to John Adams and the House of Representatives chooses Adams as the President. AdamsHenry Clay Secretary of StateTwo weeks later, Adams appoints Henry Clay as his Secretary of State…. Corrupt Bargain.Jackson cries out corruption and calls this the “Corrupt Bargain.” Jackson promises he would run again for the Presidency in 1828 and would smash Adams. corrupt

 One of the ablest men, hardest workers, and finest intellectuals ever in the White House.  But he lacked the common touch and refused to play the game of politics.  Most found him cold and tactless.  Could not build any popular support for his programs.

 The election had united his enemies and was creating a new party system  Adams, Clay, and the minority became National-Republicans  Jackson and the majority became the Democratic-Republicans (later just Democrats)

 usHo usHo

 No other candidate could match his experience in politics and foreign affairs  Served as Secretary of State under Monroe  Played vital role in acquiring Florida  Helped devise the Monroe Doctrine

 Energetic, entertaining politician  Gift for Speechmaking  He spoke to Congress supporting the American System  Government backed economic development  Protective tariffs aimed to encourage business growth  Clay owned slaves but shared Jefferson’s discomfort with slavery  Tried to bring a gradual end to slavery in Kentucky  Freed his own slaves upon his death

 Monroe’s Secretary of War  Headed Committees that created:  the 2 nd Bank of the U.S.  A national road system  A modernized navy  Protective tariffs  Calhoun was a slaveholder that wanted to defend Southern sectional interests  He eventually withdrew from the crowded 1824 race  Instead he ran for Vice President, where he succeeded

 Andrew Jackson was the 1824 wild card  He prided himself on being a government outsider  He was nicknamed “Old Hickory” for his toughness  He was a slaveholder who owned a plantation in Tennessee  Brilliant General who gained popularity through victories in the War of 1812  His opponents saw him as a poorly educated, ill-tempered rough-neck

 In the election, Jackson won the most votes in the electoral college, but he did not win a majority  John Quincy Adams came in second  In February 1825, in line with Constitutional law, the House of Representatives voted on the election  Henry Clay used his influence as Speaker of the House to swing votes to Adams for victory  Days later, Adams appoints Clay as his Secretary of State  Jackson’s supporters claim that Clay and Adams had made a “corrupt bargain”